Návrat na detail prednášky / Stiahnuť prednášku / Technická Univerzita Košice / Strojnícka fakulta / Anglický jazyk

ťahák na anglický jazyk - úplný (komplet_tahat_na_anglinu.doc)

TRIP REPPORT In July 1998 I was on brigade in Drevona s.r.o. Vranov nad Toplou, the producer of lumber products in Vranov.On first day I have signed the contract and also instruction of safety in work, which was very important for me and for Regada. My work began at 6 o’clock til 15. Between 11 and 12 o’clock I had launch pause. I went to dress room to dress up and then to a working hall. I was working with saw machine. I cut big board. This work was very hard.After three days I began to work with automatic machine, which produces billets. This was very easy because everything was automatic, I should only pick up the product. After shift I went to dress room to get shower and dress up.It was a hard experience for me to work in this company because for first time of my life I was working  so hard. I have also seen working process of many products

ENVIRONMENT We want to live better, cheaper, but the cost of our living is very high. Engineers use technology to change the earth, to improve our lives, but these technologies sometimes harm the environment. We have polluted air, somewhere we don’t have enough clean water, big problem is greenhouse effect or ozone layer.

AIR POLLUTION In large cities air pollution is a serious problem. Air pollution results in lung cancer and other health problems. The major causes of air pollution are exhaust from motor vehicles and emissions from factories. Burning of oil, gas and coal to produce electricity is also polluting air. In order to stop air polluting we should use cars with electric power, factories should use better hoower dams.

WATER POLLUTION There are places where people don’t have enough clean water for drinking, cooking, bathing. We have to stop using harmful pesticides and detergents, factories haven’t to release waste to the rivers. This pollution has killed many plants, animals fishes that live in, or near rivers, lakes, seas. Oil spills causes also water pollution.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT Our big problem is greenhouse effect. The burning of oil, gas, and coal give rise to carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere looks like the glass in a greenhouse – it let heat in, but it doesn’t let much heat to get out. The earth’s temperature is warmer because less heat can escape. This “greenhouse effect” may cause the earth’s climate to change. Ice at the North a South Poles could melt, which could give rise to floods. Some of the world’s largest farming areas could be turned into deserts. In order to stop the greenhouse effect, we should burn less oil, gas, and coal, we should plant more trees because trees breathe carbon dioxide from the air.

OZONE  LAYERDuring the past 25 years, the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun, has started to disappear. In fact, scientists have found a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Scientists believe that CFC´s (chlorofluorocarbons), which are chemicals used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans, have caused the hole in the ozone layer. The hole in the ozone layer is likely to lead to more skin cancer and other serious health problems in the future. Scientists and engineers need to develop alternatives to CFC´s in order to protect the ozone layer.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Most countries throughout the world use oil , gas and coal as their principal sources of energy. The use of these fossil fuels to produce energy, howeever , is source  of controversy. For example fossil  fuels are relative  abundant and are cheap sources of energy.  On the one hand , the burning  of fossil fuels  to produce energy  is the principal couse of acid rain and global warming In order  to reduce  the environmental damage  caused by the burning of fossil fuels , scientists  and engineers have  been developing alternative energy sources. For example , solar energy  is used throughtout the world  to heat homes and to produce electricity. Scientists and engineers have akso developed cars that are powered by solar energy. Another alternative source is biomass, which includes woood ,crops and other materials  from plants and animals. For instance ethanol is produced from corn or wheat and may be used as a fuel for cars. Ethanol is very costly to produce. Moreover, ethanol is not economically feasible as a substitute  for petrol.However  a mixture sources of 10 % ethanol and 90 % petrol produces a fuel called gasohol.gasohol is less costly than ethanol and can be used in a traditional petrol and is cleaner burning. Other alternative energy sources include hydropower , wind energy, and geothermal energy. These energy sources are much kinder to the environment that fossil fuels. Moreover unlike fossil fuels , these renewable energy sources are not likely to replace fossil fuels as the principal source of energy in the world until more efficient uses of these energy sources are developed by scientist and engineers.

GIVING INSTRUCTIONS Our new photocopier is a little more complicated then the old one. First off all, plug it into the power supply and switch it on. The switch is on the top here, on the right. The next thing you have to do is to make sure that there is a paper in it have a look. The paper tray is on the bottom. Then lift the lid and possition the page you want to copy on the top here, face down.It`s very important. Don`t forget shut the lid.After that, select the number  of copies you want to make. Punch the number on this control panel.Now the machine is ready to make copies. Next, pusch the button copy and the machine starts to work.It`s on the right side of the control panel. The machine will stop working automatically. The copies go to the copy recieving tray on the left.And finally,don`t forget to switch off the machine.  

CAR get into the car;fasten your seatbelt;put the key into the ingnition; make sure that the gear level in neutral;turn the key to start the engine;release handbrake;press the accelerator slightly and slowly release the clutch by letting the pedal up until the engine begins to catch;as the engine catches,accelerate gently by pressing the accelerator and then completely release the clutch; step on the clutch with yout left foot and while holding it down move the gear lever to the first gear; drive carefully;

BANK  MONEY MACHINE Insert bank card into the bank money machine.Then select language and press your Pin.Next select and approve operation.And finally take amount money of money,bank card and receipt.

DESCRIBING PROCESSES Every few second somewhere in the world a new car is emerge from an assembly line in a car factory.A car is manufactured from over 25,000 ifferent parts, which are produced in factories throughout the world. Steel is the most important material in the production of a car.First, the steel is rolled or is walled into sheet metal.Then the sheet matal is cuted, into shape as nessesary to form the roofs, sides, doors and other parts of the body of a car.Next the robot velds together the separate pieces of sheet metal to form the body of the car. On the most modern assembly line, wich sometimes are over fourteen kilometer long, the body is produced Is less than a minute over 1,000 welds.

CAKE The main ingredients used in making caked are flour, sugar and eggs. First, the proper amounts of flour, sugar and eggs are put into a mixer, which combines the ingredients to form dough. A computer controls the amount of the  infredients and the sequence in which they are added to the mixer. Next, the dough is released into a hopper, which is a special machine that pours the correct amount of dough into baking pans. The baking pans move along a conveyor belt into an oven,where the process of baking begins. The baking pans travel slowly through the oven on the conveyor belt at a constant temperature. When the cakes exit from the oven, they are cooled in a special cooling chamber. The cooled cakes continue along the conveyor belt until they reach a decorating machine which adds the proper amount of icing to the cakes. Various flavouring, such as vanilla, chocolate, lemon or coconut, is added to the icing. To maintain the freshness of the cakes and to prevent damage to the cakes during packaging and shopping, the cakes are freeze-dried in a special chamber at –30Celsius. After that packaging machines auromatically wrap the cakes and pack them in cardboard boxes. Finaly, the cakes are transferred to a warehouse and shippid to stores for sale.

STEEL-MAKING PROCES The steel making process is an examle of a process known as alloyng.This is the process of combining the metal with another metal or a metal with a non metal.Alloyng is commonly to increase the strengs or corrosion resistance of metals.Iron ore is the principal metal that is used in the production of steel. Iron contained a high concentration of carbon and consequently ,it easly fractures.Steel is created by reducing the concetration of carbon contained in iron.

Steel is more malleable then iron and is less likely to fracture.

This transformation of iron into steel begins in a tall metal tower wich is called blast furnace.First the blast furnance is heated to an extremly high temperature and then crushed iron ore,limestone and coke are added  to  the blast furnance. Next hot air is blown into the base of the fire near the bottom of the furnance. As a result of a mixture of iron ore limestone and coke melts

The molten iron accumulates at the botton of the blast furnance.The slag witch contains the molten  limestone and all the impourities, flows to the top of the molten iron.While in the molten state so called pig iron is transferred from the blast furnance to a convertor where the purifying process begins.

During the purifying process, the pig iron is converted into molten steel.

After being purified in the converter, the molten steel is poured into large mould.Themolten steel cools and hardens in the rolled or forget into sheet metal or the ingots are processed for other uses.

CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE Before the actual construction of a house  begins , an architect must prepare a plan  or a design of the house. This plan which is often  called blueprint , is followed  by the biulders in constructing  the house. In the  first  phase of construction the ground is excavated........

COMPUTER -IN GENERAL Thc use of computers in business and engineering is perhaps the most important development in these fields daring the past 50 years. Computers are used daily in factories and offices throughout the world. Computers direct airplanes, ships, snbmarincs, and rockets, as well as robots and other machines. Computers arc also used by businesses to maintain accounting records, employment records, and inventory records because computers can work more quickly and more accurately than people. The use of a computer to store information, locate information, and perform calculations is called data processing.

COMPUTER HARDWER  A computer consists of hardware and software. Hardware is the mechanical equipment of a computer that one can see and touch. The most important part of the computer hardware is the CPU (central proecssing unit). The CPU consists of electronic components, called microchips, which process the data. Computer hardware also includes a monitor, which is often called a VDU (visual display unit). The monitor, or VDU, looks like a television and shows the information typed by the user, as well as the results of the data processing (or "output'). In addition, most computers today have a keyboard, which is used to input data into the computer, and a mouse, which is used to move quickly within and between programs and operations. Finally, computer hnrdwnre usually includes a printer, which provides a printout, and a modem, which connects the computer to a telephone line

COMPUTER SOFTWARE  Computer software is the instructions or programs , that are stored in the computer or that are stored on floppy disk that are inserted into the disc drivers of the computer. Computers have ROM ( Read- only-memory ), which are chips in the computer with permanent instruction (or software) that cannot he changed. In addition, software can be stored on the hard disc that cannot be removed from the computer, as well as un Iloppy discs lhal can be removed from one computer and transferred to another. A computer programer writes the instructions or programs for a computer and pate them into the RAM (random acces memory), the hard disc, or onto floppy disc. A user inputs the data that is processed by the computer. If mistake is mode 6y the computer programmer or by the person who inputs the. data, the output will he erroneous. Those who work with computers call this gnrbagc - in, garbage - oat".

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information technoly is the application of technologies from computing , telecommubications and microelectronics to information processing. It is based on information system which collect , organize ,store  procces and display  information in the form of data banks and takes various formats , e.g. text, video or voice. Advances in information technology have given rise to the crwation of computer communication networks , the largest of which is the internet. The internet has opened  up the use of computer technology to people other than computer professional and has allowed them to communicate with one another. Although the Internet  became widely popular in the 1990s , its history is much longer . Jonathan bruce postel , an American computer scientist is considered to be the creator of the internet . In the late 1960s Postel was working to develop the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network – established in 1969 ) , a forerunner of the internet designed for use by the U.S. Department  of Defense. The internet alias the net – is know as the worldwide computer network, the information superhighway , or the electronic library , which enables one computer to talk to another  through computer modems , telephones lines and a network of very powerful computer called servers. By means of various computer routines , users can log on , send messages, browse ,search for files under a specifielf subject , or join a discussion group . The  “@ “ –at sign- seems to be everywhere these days  as  the internet has taken over advertising, commerce , sending messages, finding work, and you can even fall in love through the internet. The most important  component  of the internet is the World Wide Web  (WWW), the development of the WWW beagn in 1989 and since then WWW has been the leading information retrieval services of the Internet. It gives acces to a vast number of documents that are connected to each other by means of the hypertext format , a sysn\tem of clickable links. It allows the user to select a word  from text. This selected worl can then be used as a password to accdes other documents that contain additional information relating to that word. The basic method of access to the Web is through the client –server relationship. Clients are programs that request  documenst  the user  asks  for them , while servers are computer programs that store and transmit documents t oother  computer  on the network. Browser software allows users to view the documents. One of the original uses of the Internet is the electronic postal service , which is commonly called “ E-mail ” .This system enables messages to be transmitted and received by computer through a network. Electronic mal allows computer users to send  text , graphics , sound  and animated images  to other users. Network  users typically have an electronic mailbox that receives , stores ,and manages their correspondence.          

AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ROBOTICS  Automation technology is connected with major developments in microelectronics and computer technology. Automation is typically represented by industrial robotics which has received considerable attention since the late 1960s.Robots are any automatically operated machines that replace human workers. They utilise the CNC (computer numerical control) machine tools to eontxoL the mechanical equipment of robots. The term robot is derived from the Czach word "robota". The use of the term comes from the play R.U.R., written by Karel ~apek, in which he describes a society dependent on artificial mechanical workers called robots.In general, the robots applications in manufacturing operations can be divided into three categories: 1) material handling, 2) processing opcrafions, and 3) assembly and inspection. Material-handling applications include material transfer and machine Inading and unloading. One-armed robots, for example, pick up parts from one conveyor and place them nn another, or they place parts onto pallets in ao arrangement that must be calculated by the robot. Processing operations performed by robots include, for example, welding, spray - painting, grinding, and polishing. The use of robors in assembly is expected to increase vecause of the high cost of manual labour in these operations. In typical inspection job, robots having built-in sensor, position the sensors with respect to the work part and determine whether the part satisfies rewuired quality specitications. Other robots are wquipped with electronic digital cameras and are used to inspect work parts or products to make certain that their dimensions meer ehe specified standards. To mamy people, auromaion means manufacturing automation. Automation technology, however, has been introduced to many other areas, such as aircraft flight control, elevator operation, mail procesing, office administration, telephone switching, railroad operation, the security and protection industry, to name just a few. The advantafes of automation are significant, for example higher productivity, better product quality, improved safety, or shorter workweeks for labour. It is also applied when operations on two or tree shifts are required. Automation technology can also relive workers from repetitive, hazardous, unpleasant, or uncomfortable labour.

PRESENTATION Presentation are very common in the operation of business . For example  an employee may give a presentation about a new produsct to customers or to colleagues. An employee may also give presentation about a production process to visitors who are on tour of an office or a factory. The employee should prepare a plan or outline of the presentation and write down notes or phrasesw to be  esed in the presentation.  A presentation can be divided into three principal parts : 1 the opening, in which the person giving the presentation introduces himself and prepares the audience for the presentation; 2 the body of the resentation , in which the message is delivered; 3 the closing , in which a summary of the main parts is provided and questions may be answered.

-OPENING Good morning , ladies and gentleman, First let me introduce myself . I’m  XXX from XXX. I’m going to be talking about ….

-CLOSING Before  I finish , I’d like to summarize my main points again, that brigs me to the end of my presentation,  or If you have any questions you can ask me.....

After  preparing a plan outline and writen down notes or phrases  to be used in the presentation , the person giving the presentation should practise the presentation. It is important to look at the audience during the presentation  and to usde short sentences  that are easy to hear and understand . The person giving the presentation should also spek slowly to give  the audience time to think. In addition , he should stand up when speaking in order  to appear and sound more dynamic. Question can be answered during the presentation or at the end of the presentation. Finally, slides , videos  or illustrations can make the presentation interesting if they are properly planned and clearly presented.

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

In general

In order  to select the best materials for a job , engineers must kno the types of materials available  and the properties of these materials. There are two basic types of materials , used in engineering (metals and non-metals). Some materials are sometimes called metalloids.

METALS Of the 92 natural elements found on Earth , about 70 are metals and  about 40 of these are used  commercially. Metals ca nbe divided into ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals . Ferrous metals contain iron , while non-metals do not. Cast iron steel , which are mixtures of iron and carbon , are the two most important ferrous  metals used in engineering. Cast iron , which includes grey cast iron , while cast iron , and malleable cast iron , contains more carbon than steel. Cast iron is also harder and less malleable than steel. The most commo non-ferrous  metals used in engineering are aluminium , copper , bronze , and brass. Bronze and brass are alloys , which are metals that are formed  by the union  or mixture of  two or more elements.

NON-METALS

Non-metals can be classifield into plastic and ceramics. Plastics generally can be machined like metals, while ceramics cannot be machined. Plastics can be devided into thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics  by heat beccause they undergo chemical changes as they harden. Ceramics are often used by engineers when they need a material that can withstand high temperatures.    

WELDING Welding is a technology of joining different pieces of metal so that they can operate  as a  single structure. There are two basic methods of welding : 1 pressure welding ; 2 fussion welding..IN pressure welding the pieces of metal are heated to a very high temperatures and than they are joined together under pressure by either rolling or hammering. No additional metal I needed to join the welded parts  as they are softened by heat and pressed together. Forge welding is a typical of pressure welding. Resistance welding is another type of pressure welding. It is a base on the principle that electric current passing through a metal encounter resistance which generates heat , The heat created is very great, especially at the point where the two metal parts are in contact.Spot welding is similar to resistance welding . In spot welding , small areas of metal that are in contact are joined  together  in spots by means of a machine called a spot  welder. The spot welder emits an electric current that joins the piecews of metal together . In fussion welding the pieces of metal are heated to a very high temperature, and while the pieces are in contact with each other , another  metal  is added to the joint. The most common method of fussion welding  is called arc welding . In arc welding  an alectric  arc is used to produce the heat  which  is concentrated on the two metal parts to be joined. While these two metals are in a molten state , an additional metal in the form of an electrode is added.

ENGINES