Návrat na detail prednášky / Stiahnuť prednášku / Univerzita Komenského / Pedagogická fakulta / AN-úvod do štúdia literatúry anglického jazyka

ÚVD DO AN.LIT.-ťAHÁK (an.lit.-tahak.doc)

Reference points in literary and critical theory:

-language and the mechanics of literary language

-the work itself

-society an the historical background

-the author

-the reader

Literary Theories and Critical Approaches:

Moral Intelectual

-as old as literature itself, it will be valuable al song as readers expect literature to be applicable to their own lives

-it is based on tradition, religion &philosophy

-there are archetypes

-medium to transform ideas in moral lessons

-What does the work contain? How strongly does the work bring forth its ideas? What applications does the idea have to the characters and situations?

Topical = Historical

-it deals with background knowledge rather than with literature itself

-When was the work written? What were the circumstances?

-What major issues does it deal with? How does it fit into the author’s career?

-New Historicism = justifies the introduction of historical knowledge by integrating it with the understanding

of particular texts. It represents an integration of knowledge and interpretation

New Critical = Formalist

-it began in the 1930s and 1940s

-it has been dominant in literary studies to the degree that New Criticism focuses upon literary texts as formal works of art

-they avoid direct contact with the text

-the inspiration was the French practice of explication de texte = a method that emphasizes detailed examination and explanation of the text

-it is best in the formal analysis of smaller units such as poems or short passages

-What specifically does a work say?

-it has been criticized for stressing the texts alone fails to deal with literary value

-the text is independent from any other context

-lit. works have their own identity not depend on society or history

Structuralist

-the principle stems from the attempt to find relationships and connections among elements ahta appear to be separate

-the main character stresses that he/she is an active protagonist who undergoes a test

-it determinates that some protagonists are active or submissive; that they pass or fail their tests

-it makes great use of linguistics

Feminist criticism

-based on the idea that most literature presents a masculine – patriarchal view in which the role of women is negated or minimized

-it became established in the late 1960s

-it is more dynamic that any other literary or critical theory

-feminist critics can write form any other approach under the general umbrella of Feminist Criticism

-the feminist view attempts to show that writers of traditional lit. have ignored women and have prejudiced views of them,

to stimulate the creation of a critical milieu, to recover the works of women writers

-it focuses on questions like how important are the female characters? Are they credited with their won existence and own character? How are they treated in relationships with men?

Economic Determinist/ Marxist

-bases its outlook on the philosophy and principles of K.Marx and F.Engels

-they believe that literature can only be understood by being viewed in context with history and society

-in any age humans work to an ideology, a superstructure of ideas

-the bourgeoisie are distinct from the proletariat

-Marxist criticism is anti-Formalist and relatively little interested in linguistics

-there is an economic perspective: What is the economic status of the characters? What happens to them as a result of this status? What do they do against the economic and political situation?

Psychological / Psychoanalytic / Sociological

-based on the psychodynamic theory established by Sigmund Freud

-a new key to the understanding of character by claiming that behaviour is caused by hidden and unconscious motives

-critics treat lit. somewhat like  information about patients in therapy

-How purposeful is this information with regard to the character’s psychological condition? How much is important in analyzing and understanding the character?

-What are the particular life experiences? Was the author’s life happy or miserable?

Archetypal / Symbolic / Mythic

-it supports the claim that the very best literature is grounded in archetypal patterns

-it sprang form 2 sources: the School of Comparative Anthropology at Cambridge and the book which came to symbolize some of its views – Fraser’s The Golden Bough

-it derived form the work of the Swiss psychoanalyst C.Jung, presupposes that human life is built up out of patterns – archetypes that are similar throughout various cultures and historical times

-How does an individual story fit into an of the archetypal patterns? What truths adios these correlations provide? How closely does the work fit the archetype? What variations can be seen?

-some of the major myths in literature that have been delineated are the death-rebirth cycle, the search for healing and regeneration, the Promethean rebel-her saga, the defeat of the monster myth, the Frankenstein myth, the Faustian myth

Deconstructionist

-it was developed by the French critic J.Derrida

-in the 1970s and 1980s it became a major but also controversial mode of criticism

-it produces a type of analysis that stresses ambiguity and contradiction

-a major principle of deconsturctivism is that Western thought has been logocentric

-their point of view is that there is no central truth because circumstances and time are changeable and arbitrary

-this analysis leads to the declaration “all interpretation is misinterpretation”

-they attack on correct, privileged or accepted readings; there is the theory of “linguistic instability”

Reader – Response

-it is rooted in phenomenology – the phenomenological idea of knowledge is that reality is to be found not in the external world itself but rather in the mental perception of the externals

-phenomenology was developed by M.Heidegger in Germany, but it is often shorthand for the Geneva School of critics

-the phenomenological concept, the reader-response theory holds that the reader is a necessary third party in the author-text-reader relationships that constitutes the literary work.

-What does the work mean to me, in my present intellectual an moral makeup? What particular aspects of my life can help me understand the work?

This theory is open, it permits readers to bring their own personal reactions to literature but it also aims to increase the discipline and skills of readers

PERIODS AND MOVEMENTS

Aesthetic movement

-the origins can be found in earlier intellectual opposition to materialism and industrialization

-it held that art should not be didactic and that beauty should be the sole ideal by which art is judged (“Art for art’s sake”)

-Oscar Wilde

Angry Young Men

-a journalistic phrase widely applied to describe a generation of post war British writers who vigorously expressed their disillusion against middle-class values and a release to put in the place of those they opposed (K.Amis – Lucky Jim)

Augustan Age

-the age of Pope, Swift, Dr.Johnson in the 18th century when “classical” values were upheld

-form was all-important in the arts

Avant-garde

-a term referring to literature based on the newest methods and ideas, and which is normally of an unorthodox and unconventional nature

Beat Poets

-a group of American poets in the 1950s and 1960s who rejected middle class American values

-the “Beats” looked towards beatitude and many of them experimented with drugs and Eastern mysticism

-they travelled across America in search of themselves  road novel (Jack Kerouac’s – On the road)

Classicism

-a style of lt. in which the themes and conventions of ancient Greek and Roman writers were appreciated – elegance, refinement and a sense of form

- it has more to do with reason than emotion

-a taste for things classical lasted throughout the Augustan Age, before Romanticism replaced it

Edwardian

-referring to the reign of King Edward VII

-the age of prosperity and of exuberance

-H.G.Wells, G.B.Shaw, E.M.Foster

Elizabethan

-referring to the reign of Queen Elizabeth I

-many of England’s greatest writers are associated with this age

-W.Shakespeare, Ch.Marlow, E.Spencer

Existentialism

-a philosophy made popular by the French writer Jean-Paul Sartre, which holds that people are bon into a meaningless world and free either to remain passive spectator on life or to transcend of rise above, their situation through awareness of their positions gives meaning to human existence

-it was very influential in the mid-20th century

Expressionism

-a movement in art during the 19th and early 20th centuries which sought to portray a highly personal and psychological vision of the world as opposed to the depiction of external realities

-it was mostly confined to German art

-E.O´Neill, T.S.Eliot

Humanism

-a theory of knowledge based on a study of man

-it grew in importance in the 16th century, with the Renaissance, of Re-birth of classical learning

Imagism

-a movement among English-speaking poets between 1910 and 1920 which sought to abandon poetic conventions and create new rhythm

-the Imagist poets avoided long descriptions but rather treated images with precision and concision

-commonplace subjects and ordinary language were used in the endeavour

-Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell

Naturalism

-a movement between 1860 and 1900 which sought to present human life as being entirely dictated by natural laws

-the writers refused to idealize human experience, they concentrated particularly on the middle and working classes

-it was primary a French and German movement, it influenced several American writers, e.g. S.Crane and T.Dreiser

Neoclassicism

-a term used to refer to the period between 1660 -1800 when British writers derived their inspiration form the ancient Classical wirters of Greece and Rome

-J.Dreyden, A.Pope, S.Johnson

Realism

-a term used to describe art and literature which attempt to reflect life without idealization

-it depicts the day-to-day life of ordinary people, in which there are no great adventures or conflicts

-it may be used to describe a movement in French literature in the 19th century, which laid emphasis on the close attention to detail and facts

Renaissance

-the re-birth of classical, ancient Greek and Roman values and ideals in the 14th, 15th, 16th centuries in Europe, after the long “Dark Ages”, during which art and learning were in the hands of the Church

Romanticism

-a term used to describe a movement in art and literature which laid emphasis on individual experience, imagination, emotion and the assertion of the self

-landscape and nature were important topics

-it lasted from about 1780 until 1830 and is often seen as a reaction against the rationalism of Classicism

-the Augustan respect for classical, form and the exercise of reason in the 18th century gave place to a delight in freedom, natural beauty and mystery

-representatives: Scott, Wordsworth

Victorian

-referring to the reign of Queen Victoria

-this era was characterized by strict morality and adherence to orthodoxy, but also by radical social change

-poetry and novel writing flourished, but little of note was produced in drama

-Ch.Dickens, Brönte sisters, G.Eliot, T.Hardy

GLOSSARY

Action

-in fictional texts everything that happens in the story

-External – when the writer describes what the characters do

-Internal – when the writer shows the thoughts of the characters

Alienation effect

-a principle in some modern drama

-actors and audience should remain detached form the play and its performance, they should remember it is only a play and not identify or interrupting the action

Allegory

-a fictional text which may be understood on 2 level – a superficial or factual level and a deeper, philosophical level

-the characters are usually personification of abstract ideas or qualities (Trust, Vice)

Alliteration

-the repetition of sound, normally a consonant, at the beginning of neighbouring words

Aphorism

-a short, usually witty statement containing a truth of a dogma

Ballad

-a rhyming story in the form of a song or poem

-it normally has a strong dramatic element and a noble or tragic tone

-there is usually a refrain

Blank verse

-unrhymed verse consisting of the iambic pentameter

-it was introduced into England in the 16th century and is widely used in English poetry, since it is close to the rhythmic patterns of English speech

Caesura

-a natural pause or break in a line of verse

Catharsis

-the release of the audience’s emotion while watching a tragedy

Character

-in fictional text a person developed through action, description, language and way of speaking

A) flat – a term introduce by E.M.Forster – a minor character who does not develop in the course of the action

B) round – a character who develops in the course of the text and therefore changes his attitudes and values; complex; close to reality

C) stock – a character who embodies a particular idea or quality and lack the roundness of a human being; seems to be too explicit

Characterization

-the way of presenting a character in a fictional text

A) explicit – direct

B) implicit – indirect

Comedy

-a kind of drama which deals with a light topic or a more serious one in an amusing way

-a comedy always has a happy ending and usually makes fun of what is ridiculous and absurd

-types: romantic, satirical comedy, farce, comedy of manners, restoration comeey

Conflict

-a struggle or opposition between different forces which produce tension

A) external – the clash between two or more characters

B) internal – a struggle between two opposing views of values in a character’s mind

Drama

-an work meant to be performed on a stage or as a film

-drama involves a visual element and relies upon the spoken words of the individual characters

Dramatized narrator

-a character who tells the story in a fictional work or through whose eyes the events are witnessed

Ellipsis

-the shortening of sentences by dropping a word or words which can be understood from the context

Epic

-a long, narrative poem about some historic or mythical event, usually the deeds and death of a hero

Fable

-a fictional narrative text, normally short, in which animals represent human types or act like human beings

-as such it is a form of allegory

-a moral can be understood from the text

Fiction

-an imaginative work, in which the writer creates his world or presents an invented narrative

-the reader is expected to accept this world or story as existing or true

Figurative

-language used to connote something else

-images, metaphors, similes and symbols are examples of figurative language

First person narrator

-a narrator who is a character in a story

-in the text the author uses “I” to identify the narrator

Foot, Feet

-a group of stressed and unstressed syllables within a line of poetry which forms a metrical unit

-the most common in English poetry are iamb, trochee, dactyl, anapaest, spondee

Genre

-a literary classification

-the 3 classical genres are lyric or poetic, epic or narrative, dramatic

-essay and short story are also referred to as genres of literature

Hyperbole

-a figure of speech which contains an exaggeration

Irony

A) verbal  is the use of words to express the opposite of the words´ literal meaning

B) Structural – is the contrast between what the narrator wants and what the actually gets

C) Dramatic – a character’s words have a different meaning for the audience than for the character, because the audience knows some info which toe character does not

D) Tragic – dramatic irony which is used in tragedy

E) Sarcasm – as such it is a form of irony, it is bitter and over, irony is gentle and subtle

Legend

-a story lies between myth and historical fact

-it originally referred to the story of a saint’s life

Lyric

-a poem which expresses the personal thoughts and feelings of a single speaker

Metaphor

-a stylistic device in which two seemingly unlike things are linked with one another in the form of an implicit comparison

Myth

-an ancient story dealing with supernatural beings and heroes

Narration

-it presents actions or events in some kind of logical temporal order

Narrative verse

-a poetry or a poem that tells a story

Narrator

-the person who tells the story in a narrative text

A) first person narrator – a dramatized or an intrusive narrator

B) third person narrator – an omniscient narrator or a character in the story with a limited point of view

Ode

-a long lyric poem often with an elaborate stanza structure and a formal style and solemn tone

-odes are usually poems of praise directed towards somebody

Parable

-a short fictional narrative text which makes a general statement about existence or teaches a moral or religious lesson

Plot

-in fictional text the action structured as a set of events connected by cause and effect and centred around one or more conflicts

-elements are usually the exposition, rising action, climax, turning point, falling action, denouement

Poem

-a unified and independent composition, which contains a structured line sequence and is characterized by a special arrangement of word which produces a stylized rhythm

Rhyme

-the likeness of sounds in two or more words extending from the stressed to the end of the words

-the types of rhymes are: end, internal, masculine, feminine, identical, pure rhyme, eye-rhyme

Rhyme schema

-the arrangement of rhymes in a poems

A) alternate rhyme – abab

B) enclosed rhyme – abba

Romance

-a non-realistic story, colourful, glamorous, mysterious and sentimental

Sarcasm

-a bitter or aggressive remark used to express mockery or disapproval

Satire

-a fictional text intended to criticize certain conditions, events or people by making them appear ridiculous

Soliloquy

-in drama, a speech delivered by a character alone on stage

Sonnet

-a poem consisting of 14 lines

-English sonnets are usually written in a iambic pentameters

-the sonnet became popular in the 17th century in England and mostly love poetry was written in sonnets

-the types of sonnets are: the Petrarchan sonnet, the Spenserian sonnet, the Shakespearean sonnet

Style

-a writer’s way of expressing him or herself

-the types are: formal style, informal style, neutral style

Tragedy

-a form of drama in which the protagonist passes through a series of misfortunes towards his or her down fail

Tragicomedy

-a drama in which there are elements of tragedy and comedy

Verse

-a term used to describe poetry, especially if written in metre

-a stanza in a poem of a song

O.E.LIT.

-450-1066+GermanicTribesBroughtTheOEL

+ Anglo-SaxonL.wasSpokedFrom600-1100/canNotBeReadToday

SpecificPoetryTradition=theSorrow&UltimateFutilityOfLife

&HteHelplessnessOfHumasBeforeThePowerOfFate

OEVerse=alliteration/Caesura/HalfLine/WithourRhyme

InACharacteristicLineOfFourStresseSyllablesAlternating

WithAnumberOfUnstressed

-Cottom/JunionMan/CodexExomansis-ExeterBooks/NercelliBook

-laterChristianityFromIrelandToBIwasGettingMoreOnImportance

-7-10th lit&educationConcetratedInMonateries

-FirstLitWorks-InfluenceOfPaganism

-FirstLyricalPoetry-Religious&Personal-

-FirstProse-distinguishBetweenReligious&SecularProse

-Beowulf-Oldest&GreatestMunument-OldGermanicLegend-7th

–PreservedInCottonM.-UnknownAuthor

=HroghtarKingOfDanes+Grendel+Mother+FireBreathingCreature

-BeowulfFuneralFire/itGivesAPictureOfLifeInThoseDays

-ThingsAreescribedIndirectly+CruelSituations

+SenseOfUltimatePowerOfArbitraryFate

-POEMS:

-GenesisA=Long-OldHistoryFromBibleIntoOEverse

-GenesisB=beginningsOfTheWorldAndFallOfAngels

+punishmentOfSatan&EvilInHell

-TheExodus / Daniel / Christ and Satan /

-Andres / Guthlac(2parts) / TheBattleOfMaldon / The DreamOfTheRood

-Caedmon&Cynewulf-Juliana,TheFatesOfTheApostles,

Christ,Elene(beforeHisDeath)

- OElyrics=DeorsComlaint / Husband´s Message

/ TheWanderer / Wife´s Complaint

OEprose=Laws+ASaxonCronicleKingAlfreTheGreat

(translatedLatinBooksIntoOE

+EcclestisticalHistoryOfEnglandByVenerableBede

+education)

+AELFRIC=Homiles / LivesOfSaints / 1.sevenBooksOfBibleinOE

MEL

-1066=EndOfOEP / 1100-1500-FromFrenchToME – 14th MEP

-allegories&visions(theAuthorsViewOfWorld,God)

-endOfAlliteration=>rhyme

-MarieDeFrance-FrenchInfluence+Lays+Minstrels

-GeoffreyMonmouth-HistoryOfEnglishKings

-Legends&Sagas-KingArthur/HolyGrail/Lancelot/RoundTable

-OutlawBalads-FairAnne/FairFlowerOfNorthumerland

-1.bookPrintedOnTheBI-CantenburyTales-Caxton

- vernacularLit.isExtend

- GeoffreyChaucer-greatestPoetInMA,FatherOfEpoetry,

wellEducated,PageInHouseholdOfWifeOfLionel,

StudiedFrench&ItalianPoetry,spokeLatin,

ThePeopleWhomHeDescribesAreJustLikeLivingPeople

CantenburyTales=ComplexOfVividTalesUniqueForItsRealismHumour&Variety.

HeCreatedAnImageOfTheEsocietyOfThe14th

fromVariousPartsOfEngland&allSocialGroups.

TheBookOpensWithGeneralPrologue-

DescriptionOfEachPolgirm-BroadViewOfHumanNature

+pilgirmageToTheShrineOfAsaint-TabardInn-ThomasBecket

-Story-tellingContest-PrizeASupper

-20-Kinghts/Cooks/Millers/Students/ MonksTale=revealMuchAboutTheCharacter

-Merchant/Sailor/Lawyer/Doctor-eachCanBeRecognizedAsARealPerson

-Knight-demonstratesCourtesy&Nobility

-Friar,Parson,Prioress-Religion

- WifeOfBath-MostEnjoyableCharacter

-ChaucersSkillInDevelopingTheTreatmentOfHisCharactes

InDepthIsImpressive-Complex+hypocrisyInHumanBehaviour

-Chaucer´sPoems=TroilusAndCriseyde(InfluenceOfBoccacio´sPoems)

/ LegendOfGoodWomen / HouseOfFame / ParliamentOfFowls

/ BookOfDuchness(devotedToHisFirstWife)

-MEpoems=Orrmulum / TheOwlAndTheNightingale(DebatForm)

/ SirGawainAndTheGreeKnight

+WilliamLangland-VisionOfWilliamConcerningPiersThePloughman

(aboutSorrowsOnEarth&BrideLifeInHeaven) / Pearl / Patience

-MEprose=AncrenRiwle / RichardRolle-FormOfPerfectLiving

JohnWYCLIFE=attackedManyOfTheeligiousIdeasOfHisTime

HeArrangedThePorducitonOfTheWholeBibleInEnglish

-SirThomasMALORY=MorteD´Arthur

-TheFirstEnglishPlaysToldReligiousStoriesAndWerePerformedNearTheChurches

-liturgicalServices=Miracles,MysteryPlays

(outsideToOtherPublicPlaces+StageCalledPageant)

-Chester,Coventry,York,Wakefield=>comedyWasBorn

-MoralityPlays-15th -StockCharactersLikeTruth,Revenge,Greed

WhichWalkedAndTalked+Everyman(allFriendLeaveExceptGoodDeeds)

-theInterlude=notOnlyReligiousButSecular

-WerePlayedBetweenTheActsOfLongMoralieties

OrInMiddelofMeals-OftenFunny-InRichMenHouses

=JohnHEYWOOD=TheFourP´s / ThePlayOfWheather

-Masks=ShortPlaysLikeImagesWithoutSpeech

ELIZABETHAN POETRY AND PROSE

Quenn Elizabeth ruled from 1558-1603, but the great Elizabethan

literary age is not considered as beginning until 1579.

SIR THOMAS WYATT –first brought the sonnet to E.

- in form of sonnets he followed Italian poet Petrarch

– 14 lines rhyme abba abba 8 + 2 or 3 rhymes in the last six line

EARL OF SURREY – sonnets – 1.blank verse in E.

+ TOTTEL´S Songs and Sonnets contained 40 poems by surrey and 96 by Wyatt

DRAYTON – one of the best sonnets of the time was by him

EDMUNT SPENSER

+ Shepherd´s Calendar 1579 (12 books)

– he was making experiments in metre and form

+ greatest work Faerie Queene (6 books)

– wonderful music of the verse, the beauty of the sound

- invented a special metre

– verse has 9 lines, the last has 6 feet, others 5

– abab bcbcc = Spenserian Stanza

+ marriage song Epithalamion + Prothalamion

+ Amoretti – 88 sonnets 1595

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY – book of sonnets Astrophel and Stella

DONNE / NORTH / HAKLYUT / LYLY / GREENE / BACON / TYNDALE

DRAMA

-MoralityPlays-15th -StockCharactersLikeTruth,Revenge,Greed

WhichWalkedAndTalked+Everyman(allFriendLeaveExceptGoodDeeds)

-theInterludeS=notOnlyReligiousButSecular

-WerePlayedBetweenTheActsOfLongMoralieties

OrInMiddelofMeals-OftenFunny-InRichMenHouses

=John HEYWOOD=TheFourP´s / The Play Of Wheather

-Masques = ShortPlaysLikeImagesWithoutSpeech

The whole development of drama was a dynamic process

Reneissance – to enjoy this life not after death,

to make harmony between religious & secular

Elizabethan drama – very democratic, progressive, all kind of people

-1.E.comedy-Ralph Rister Doister by Nicholas Udall

+ Gammer Gurton ´s Needle-in rough verse 1566

-LYLY – Prose comedy Campaspe+allego.Endimion(children of Paul)

-1.E.tragedy-Gorboduc-told,in blank verse 1564-Norton+Sackville

-THOMAS KYD-Spanish Tragedy (like Hamlet)

-CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE-1.tragedy Tamburlaine the Great

(splendid blank verse+violence+sound of names)

-Jew of Malta + Dr.Faustus(beautiful l.) + Edward the Second(history of E.)

-also a lyric writer – The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

– famous “mighty” line is blank verse and much finer poetry

-SHAKESPEARE

1.started his career with Historical plays -Hentry6 + Richard3(smooth blank verse)

+ Richard2(more freedom) - (the rhythm of the blank verse is still strict)

2.Comedies – Comedy Of Errors + Taming of the Shrew

+ Two Gentlemen of Verona + Love´s Labou´s Lost

In this period he also wrote his beautiful lyrical tragedy R&J

3.The last Years of 16th century he created his most famous comedies

- Midsummer Night´s Dream + Merchant of Venice + As You Like It

+ Much Udo About Nothing + All´s Well that Ends Well(dark comedy)

+ Twelfth Night(perfection of E.comedy) + The Merry Wives of Windsor

+ King Henry4(introduced Sir John Falstaff) + Henry5(love of country and spirit of war)

He presented the themes of love, friendship, human harmony and joy of life.

He showed himself the master of dramatic construction,

economy of dramatic means and above all the master of language.

4.His greatest period 1600-07-most remarkable tragedies-

+ Hamlet (about sensitivity in the insensitive world)

+ King Lear (about self blindness)

+ Macbeth (about progress of evil in man and the responsibility and choice)

+ Othello (about the paradoxes of good and evil)

5. Roman Tragedies

+ Julius Caesar(l.and thoughts are about balanced, clear structure)

+ Coriolanus(concerns the life and death of Caius Marcius Coriolanus)

+ A&C (his love for the Egyptian queen)

-SONNETS 1609 – abab cdcd efe fgg – many of them refer to a young man

William Herbert, Earl of Southampton

6.Romances belong to the lat phase of wiritng

Cymbeline + The Winter´s Tale + The Tempest(last complete play)

– coloured with the idea of forgiveness, no more violence but beautiful girls

- symbolic, uses magic, mythology, folklore elements

POEMS – Venus and Adinis + Lucrece

BENJAMIN JOHNSON – followed Shakespeare,but was far below him

-20 plays alone, “Rare Ben Johnson”

Ancient classics had a great influence; characters are walking humours not really human

He was the best producer of masques at this or any other time,

He believed in the unities of place, time and action

+ Every Man in his Humour (1598)

+ tragedy Sejanus + comedy Volpone the Fox

+ Epicone + The Silent Woman + The Alchemist + Bartholomew Fair

- Lyrics – To Celia

- notes -  Timber and Discoveries 1640 – father of E. literary criticism

JOHN WEBSTER – The White Devil + The Duhcess of Malfi

F.BEAUMONT and J.FLETCHER(worked with Shakespeare)

+ comedy The Knight of the Burning Pestle

+ tragedy The Maid´s Tragedy

The second poet after Shakespeare is JOHN MILTON

- made blank verse the regular metre of epic, “The Lady of Christ’s”

– lived a pure life believing he had a great purpose to complete,

Three divisions of his works – shorter poems – prose – greatest poems

His works mainly concerned with church affairs, divorce and freedom

+ poems L´Allegro + Il Penseroso

+masque Comus + Arcades +pastoral Lycidas

+best work Aeropagitica, A Speech for Liberty of Unlicensed Printing

The E.civil war between Charles I and Parliament(Cromwell) began in 1642 – 1646

was followed by the second C.W. 1648-51 – during these years Milton worked

hard at his pamphlets, supported Cromwell, he wrote his 3 greatest works blind

+great epic poem Paradise Lost 1667 (12 books) – contains hundreds of remarkable

thoughts put into musical verse. Mitlon understood the beauty of proper names

+Paradise Regained (1671) is more severe, less splendid

+Samson Agonistes 1671 – a tragedy on the Greek model-last days of Samson

LYRIC POETS

– R.LOVELACE – To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars

- Sir J. SUCKLING

- ROBERT HERRICK

- EDMUND WALLER – His Majesty´s Escape

-JOHN DENHAM – Cooper´s Hill

PROSE WRITERS

-JOHN EARLE – Microcosmographie

-Sir THOMAS BROWN – Religion Medici + Vulgar Errors

-IZAAK WALTON – biographies – Compleat Angler

RESTORATION DRAMA AND PROSE

The closing of the theatres in 1642 meant that no important drama was

produced in the years before 1660.In 1660 Charles II became king and

the theatres opened again and new dramatists appeared.The tragic

drama of this period was made up mainly of heroic plays.

JOHN DRYDEN – Conquest of Granada + Aurengzebe

+ comedy Marriage-a-la-Mode +All for Love + Don Sebastian

– satire, wrote in excellent rhymed couplets

+Absalom and Achitophel + MacFlecknoe

+Annus Mirabilis (four-line stanza)

+short poems – The Ode for Saint Cecilia´s Day + Alexander´s Feast

ALEXANDER POPE – a follower of Dryden – Essay of Criticism + The Rape of the Lock

+ translated Illiad and Odyssey of Homer

+ Imitations of Horace + The Dunciad + Essay

Other were Thomson / Goldmisth / Young / Blair / Gray / Blake

JOHN BUNYAN set an example of clear, simple expression, especially in

The Pilgim´s Progress (has given the E.l.some names of places-VF) and The Holy War (allegory)

THOMAS OTWAY – tragedies Don Carlos + The Orphan + Venice Preserved

SIR GEORGE ETHEREGE – The Man of Mode