Návrat na detail prednášky / Stiahnuť prednášku / Univerzita Komenského / Pedagogická fakulta / AN-Staršia aglická literatúra

ELIZABETHAN ERA AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (9._elizabethan_era_and_theathre+shakespeare.doc)

Elizabethan theatre and William Shakespeare

Elizabethan Era and Theatre

The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke away from England's past style of plays and theatre. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the Protestant Reformation became entrenched in the national mindset. European wars brought an influx of continental refugees into England, exposing the Englishman to new cultures. In trade, might, and art, England established an envious preeminence. At this time, London was the heart of England, reflecting all the vibrant qualities of the Elizabethan Age. This atmosphere made London a leading center of culture as well as commerce. Its dramatists and poets were among the leading literary artists of the day. Theatre had an unsavory reputation. London authorities refused to allow plays within the city, so theatres opened across the Thames in Southwark, outside the authority of the city administration. In this heady environment, Shakespeare lived and wrote. One of the most successful was also Christopher Marlowe, who many contemporaries considered Shakespeare's superior. Marlowe's career, however, was cut short at a comparatively young age when he died in a tavern fight in Deptford, the victim of a knife in the eye.

The first proper theatre as we know it was the Theatre, built at Shoreditch in 1576. Before this time plays were performed in the courtyard of inns, or sometimes, in the houses of noblemen. After the Theatre, further open air playhouses opened in the London area, including the Rose (1587), and the Hope (1613). The most famous playhouse was the Globe (1599) built by the company in which Shakespeare had a stake. Shakespeare’s group was called Lord Chamberlains Men. The Globe was only in use until 1613, when a canon fired during a performance of Henry VIII caught the roof on fire and the building burned to the ground. The site of the theatre was rediscovered in the 20th century and a reconstruction built near the spot.

There were 2 kinds of play houses – private (were smaller roofed houses in which the wealthier audience go to watch plays) and public houses. Public theatre was usually round or square or octagonal wooden structure. It could accommodate between 2000 – 5000 people. Sitting in audience depended on the wealth on social status, each person had to pay 1 penny. Richer people usually paid more, and then they were seated in galleries, so they were protected from dust and dirt. Poorer people were called the groundlings, they stood in the yard, surrounding the stage. Public theatre can be called outdoor and private called indoor theatre. Both of them had yards for groundlings. Tiring house is place where actors change clothes and wait for their performance. The stage was roofed, it was called the heavens and it was supported by columns. Flying was special effect used – it used cranes and ropes to make flying possible. In ground were special makers for fire, smoke and so on. There were usually 2 doors, which represented different locations – France, England.

Private theatres were smaller but they did show even in winter. First private theatre was called Black friars. By time of Shakespeare actors had achieved satisfactory level of financial and social stability. Most of troops worked in sharing plan which means that risks and profits were shared. Troops were democratic and self-governing. Some of them own theatre building and they were known as house holders. When it was necessary they hired so called hirelings for more salary.

Theatre performances were held in the afternoon, because, of course, there was no artificial lighting. Women attended plays, though often the prosperous woman would wear a mask to disguise her identity. Further, no women performed in the plays. Female roles were generally performed by young boys.

William Shakespeare 1564 – 1616

William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, now widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's prominent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "The Bard"). His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, and Mary Arden. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised on 26 April 1564. His unknown birthday is traditionally observed on 23 April, St George's Day. This date, which can be traced back to an eighteenth-century scholar's mistake, has proved appealing because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616. He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. Shakespeare was educated at the King's New School in Stratford, and the school provided him an intensive education in Latin grammar and the classics.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. Six months after the marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, who was baptised on 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised on 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried on 11 August 1596.  

It is not known exactly when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Biographers suggest that his career may have begun any time from the mid-1580s. From 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by the new king, James I, and changed its name to the King's Men. In 1599, a partnership of company members built their own theatre on the south bank of the Thames, which they called the Globe. In 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate that the company made him a wealthy man. Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. Tradition said that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father and later also played Adam in As You Like It and the Chorus in Henry V. After 1606–7, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright for the King’s Men.

Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death and continued to visit London. He died on 23 April 1616, and was survived by his wife and two daughters.

PLAYS

Scholars have often noted four periods in Shakespeare's writing career. Until the mid-1590s, he wrote mainly comedies influenced by Roman and Italian models and history plays in the popular chronicle tradition. His second period began in about 1595 with the tragedy Romeo and Juliet and ended with the tragedy of Julius Caesar in 1599. During this time, he wrote what are considered his greatest comedies and histories. From about 1600 to about 1608,  is his "tragic period", Shakespeare wrote mostly tragedies, and from about 1608 to 1613, mainly tragicomedies, also called romances.

The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama. His first histories, dramatise the destructive results of weak or corrupt rule and have been interpreted as a justification for the origins of the Tudor dynasty. Their composition was influenced by the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of his greatest comedies After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV and Henry V. His characters become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, and Julius Caesar - which introduced a new kind of drama.

Shakespeare's so-called "tragic period" lasted from about 1600 to 1608, though he also wrote the so-called "problem plays" Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and All's Well That Ends Well during this time and had written tragedies before. Many critics believe that Shakespeare's greatest tragedies represent the peak of his art. The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on such fatal errors or flaws, which overturn order and destroy the hero and those he loves. His last major tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, contain some of Shakespeare's finest poetry and were considered his most successful tragedies by the poet and critic T. S. Eliot

In his final period, Shakespeare turned to romance or tragicomedy and completed three more major plays: Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Less bleak than the tragedies, these four plays are graver in tone than the comedies of the 1590s, but they end with reconciliation and the forgiveness of potentially tragic errors. Some commentators have seen this change in mood as evidence of a more serene view of life on Shakespeare's part, but it may merely reflect the theatrical fashion of the day.

Shakespeare collaborated on two further surviving plays, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen, probably with John Fletcher.

General description of Shakespeare’s plays

1. Early point of effect
2. several lines of action which might seen independent at the beginning but later they merge (splynú) together, we speak about unity in diversity, best example is King Lear
3. there is a large number of & variety of incidents, mixed emotions as tears & laughter, violence
4. ideas of time &space are used freely, S doesn’t stick in classical unity of time & space, audience has feeling of ongoing action or life behind the scene
5. large number of characters – 30 is quite common, they represent all social levels, they can be poor or rich but they are still individual
6. language also differs from play to play – can be elegant or witty even obscene & its function is to enhance character & his or her actions
7. subjects are taken from different sources – as mythology, history, legends, fiction

POEMS

In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on erotic themes, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, earl of Southampton. Influenced by Ovid's Metamorphoses, the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust. Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare's lifetime. A third narrative poem, A Lover's Complaint, was printed in the first edition of the Sonnets in 1609.

SONNETS

Published in 1609, the Sonnets were the last of Shakespeare's non-dramatic works to be printed. Evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets throughout his career for a private readership. He seems to have planned two contrasting series: one about uncontrollable lust for a married woman of dark complexion (the "dark lady"), and one about pure love for a fair young man (the "fair youth"). It remains unclear if these figures represent real individuals, or if the authorial "I" who addresses them represents The 1609 edition was dedicated to a "Mr. W.H.", credited as "the only begetter" of the poems. It is not known whether this was written by Shakespeare himself or by the publisher, nor is it known who Mr. W.H. was. Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time.

STYLE

Shakespeare's first plays were written in the conventional style of the day. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama. The poetry depends on extended, sometimes elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is often rhetorical—written for actors to declaim rather than speak. Later on Shakespeare began to adapt traditional style to his own purposes, he combined traditional and free style. In the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry. He increasingly tuned his metaphors and images to the needs of the drama itself

Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse composed in iambic pentameter. In practice, this meant that his verse was usually unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a stress on every second syllable. The blank verse of his early plays is quite different from that of his later ones. It is often beautiful, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish at the end of lines, with the risk of monotony. Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and vary its flow. This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry. Shakespeare varied his poetic style further, particularly in the more emotional passages of the late tragedies. His style was "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical". In the last part of his career, Shakespeare adopted many techniques to achieve these effects. These included run-on lines, irregular pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence structure and length. As Shakespeare’s mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech. He preserved aspects of his earlier style in the later plays. In his late romances, he deliberately returned to a more artificial style, which emphasised the illusion of theatre.

INFLUENCE

Shakespeare's work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. He expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation, plot, language, and genre. Until Romeo and Juliet, romance had not been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy. Soliloquies had been used mainly to convey information about characters or events, but Shakespeare used them to explore characters' minds. His work heavily influenced later poetry. The Romantic poets attempted to revive Shakespearean verse drama, though with little success.

Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, Charles Dickens and American novelist Herman Melville. In Shakespeare's day, English grammar and spelling were less standardised than they are now, and his use of language helped shape modern English.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABRAMS, M. H.: The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 5th edition, volume 1, Norton & Company, Inc. 1986

http://www.britainexpress.com/History/elizabethan-theatre.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare