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SYNTAX seminár 3.hod. (Brychová) (syntax_seminar26.2.08.doc)

SYNTAX SEMINÁR                26.2.2008

K dnešnej prednáške s Lojovou treba urobiť cvičenia CHALKER: 119, 120, 121, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192

PREDICATE

The man threw a stone at the dog.

Subject - the man

Predicate - threw a tone at the dog

 this predicate consists of a verb (threw) an object direct (stone) an a prepositional object (at the dog)

The boy ran away.

Subject - the boy

Verb - ran

Adverb complement/adverbial - away

Tom put the book somewhere.

Subject - Tom

Verb - put

Object direct - the book

Except the subject,

the rest of the sentence is the predicate

Adverbial - somewhere

He lives here.

Subject - He

Verb - lives

Adverbial - here

Jane bought it yesterday.

Subject - Jane

Verb - bought

Object direct - it

Adverbial - yesterday

COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE

 zložený slovesný prísudok

 more than one, two …….verbs together

 compound verbal predicate consists of one finite verb form and one or more non-finite verb forms

She ran and jumped.

Compound predicate - ran and jumped

John must do it.

Must - finite, auxiliary verbs - ALL

do - non-finite, bare infinitive, present infinitive simple

It will be snowing.

Will - finite, auxiliary verb

be snowing - non-finite, present infinitive continuous

Podľa tabuľky VERBS

They may have read it.

may - finite, auxiliary verb

have read - non-finite, perfect infinitive simple, active voice

He has bought it.

has - finite, auxiliary verb

bought - non-finite, past participle, passive voice

They are swimming.

are - finite

swimming - non-finite, present participle

COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE

 we must as What is the subject?  the rest is the predicate

 here the copular - the linking verbs are important

 copular verbs link the subject and the complement in a sentence

You are students.

are - copular verb

students - subject complement

You are clever.

I am a teacher.

Doc.Lojová is an university teacher.

The sup tastes delicious.

Their son became a journalist.

The perfume smells sweet.

Verbs denoting becoming - to become, to grow, to turn, to go

Verbs denoting being - to be, to feel, to smell, to taste

Verbs denoting remaining - to stay, to remain, to keep, to continue

Verbs denoting seeming - to seem, to appear, to look

Primary parts of the sentence - subject and predicate

Secondary parts of the sentence - object, complement, adverbial (rozvíjajúce vetné členy)

OBJECT DIRECT

 we ask with the question WHAT? WHO?

 it can be a noun, a pronoun,  an infinitive, an infinitival phrase

Rado opened the window.

the window - a noun, object direct

I know you.

you - pronoun, personal pronoun

The patient wanted to sleep.

to sleep - infinitive

The little girl wanted to play with her dolls.

to play with her dolls - infinitival phrase, object direct - what did the little girl want to do?

Peter likes playing football.

It began raining.

They risked missing the bus.

What do you like doing?

I like sleeping.

sleeping - gerund present, ing form, object direct

OBJECT INDIRECT

 u Brychovej je to Object indirect, u Lojovej je to adverbial (kam?)

Mrs. Brown gave a guitar to her son.    this word order is used when we want to emphasize something

to her son - object indirect

                  - only to her son, not to her daughter

the difference is in the emphasizing

Mrs. Brown gave her son a guitar.      when Object indirect precedes Object direct it is a normal sentence

 väčšinou v angličtine Object indirect predchádza Object direct,

    ale keď chceme zdôrazniť “komu” - Object indirect ide na koniec

OBJECT PREPOSITIONAL

 when the Object direct is long, it follows the prepositional object

 when it is short - only consisting of 1 word - it precedes the prepositional object

He translated from English this book.

Subject - he

Predicate - consisting of a verb, prepositional object and object direct

Verb - translated

Prepositional object - from English

Object direct - this book - long Object direct (more words)

He translated it from English.

Object direct - it

Prepositional object - from English - pronoun

COGNATE OBJECT

 príbuzný object

 when the object noun is the same as the predicate noun (to smile / a smile)

The child slept a quite sleep.

Subject - the child

Verb - slept

Cognate object - a quite sleep

Jane’s grandfather lived an honest life.

Cognate object - an honest life

Patricia nod Lucas smiled an ironic smile.

Cognate object - an ironic smile

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

 tells us what somebody or something is o what somebody or something is like

 it is connected with the subject by a copular verb

 it can be expressed by a noun, an adjective, a numeral, preset participles, past participle, gerund,

   infinitive, adverb, pronoun or noun with a preposition or can be expressed by a group of words

She became a teacher.

Subject complement - a teacher - noun

The sup tastes delicious.

Subject complement - delicious - adjective

taste

po týchto slovesách používame vždy prídavné meno, nikdy to nie je príslovka

smell

fall

sound

look

You are fourteen.

Subject complement - fourteen - numeral

The film was boring, interesting.

Subject complement - boring, interesting - ing form, present participle

We are tired.

Subject complement - tired - past participle

Rado´s hobby is eating.

Subject complement - eating - gerund

Your duty is to study.

Subject complement - to study - infinitive

The students are here.

Subject complement - here - adverb

I am with you. You are with me.

Subject complement - with you, with me - pronoun with preposition

You are with Mrs. Brychová.

Subject complement - with Mrs.Brychová - noun with preposition

Worst of all was her being late.

Subject complement - her being late - expressed by a group of words

OBJECT COMPLEMENT

 expressed by an adjective

 completes what is said about the object direct

 by the use of it we can express in one sentence what was said in two sentences

The window was blue. They painted it.

The window was blue after they had painted it.

They painted the fence red. The fence was re.

They painted the fence red.

Subject - they

Verb - painted

Object direct - the fence

Object complement - red