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SYNTAX - prednáška 5.hod. (Lojová) (syntax_prednaska11.3.08.doc)

SYNTAX PREDNÁŠKA                11.3.2008

 

 

NEGATION

 

  1. how to negate a sentence
  2. normally there is only one negative element in an English sentence
  3. two negative elements negate one each other
  4. singer and poets don’t care of grammar rules
  5. Afro-American English allows as many negations as possible (the same in Slovak)
  6. but in standard British English there is just one negation

 

 

I don’t think he likes me this is more native, sound more native like

 

I think he doesn’t like me this is also right, but a native speaker wouldn’t say it so

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HOW CAN A SENTENCE BE NEGATED

 

 

THROUGH VERB NEGATION

 

  1. the uses of operators can / can’t
  2. if there is no operator, we must ad Do / DON’T
  3. often the use of contraction

 

I haven’t done it standard

 

        I have not done it if we want to emphasize, we say it all

 

 

THROUGH WORDS NEGATIVE IN FORM AND MEANING

 

  1. never
  2. no
  3. nobody
  4. nowhere
  5. nothing

 

 

THROUGH WORDS NEGATIVE IN MEANING BUT NOT IN FORM

 

  1. grammatically the behave as negative elements, but the form itself must not be negative
  2. hardly, barely, seldom, a little, scarcely, not quite, only just, few

 

  1. we can’t use any other negative element with them

You can hardly do that neither can I.

 

  1. uses in question tags

You can hardly do that, can you?

 

 

OTHER NEGATIVE WORDS

 

  1. they are negative semantically, but not grammatically
  2. they are negative in meaning
  3. to refuse, to deny, unhappy

 

She is unhappy, isn’t she? semantically negative, not grammatically

 

 

NON-ASSERTIVE ITEMS

 

  1. they have to be adapted to the meaning in a given context
  2. somebody, anybody, at all

 

SCOPE OF NEGATION

 

- the range (rozsah) of negation

 

  1. normally the scope is a sentence, when there is a negative element

 

I wasn’t listening all the time

 

 wasn’t listening all the time = I was sleeping all the time

 

 

  1. sometimes the scope is just a part, not the whole sentence

 

I wasn’t listening all the time

        

          wasn´t listening = I was listening just time and again, at the beginning and at the end

 

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I don’t like all the students.

 

  1. I don’t like any students
  2. I don’t like the students we are talking about (in one group)

 

 

ADJUNCT - time adjunct - usually it’s this - that helps us to limit the scope (all the time)

 

 

I wasn’t listening to some of you presentation there might be an ambiguity

 

  1. some I was, some I wasn’t
  2. I wasn’t listening at all

 

 

You are not allowed to use all of my books the right scope of neg. we know from the context

 

  1. you are allowed to use some
  2. you are not allowed to use any of them

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FOCUS OF NEGATION

 

 

- we might emphasize just one negative element from the sentence

 

I didn’t take John to swim in the pool today.

 

I didn’t take John - but I took Mike

I didn’t take John to swim - but I took him to basketball

I didn’t take John to swim in the pool today - but I took him yesterday

I didn’t take John at all

 

 

 

LOCAL NEGATION

 

- not the whole sentence is negated, just a part of it

 

I saw him not long ago.      not long ago = adjunct - time

   

      this is a positive sentence

 

   

                       I saw him recently

 

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She lives not too far from here not too far = adjunct - place

She lives near by

 

 

I read a not very interesting book not very interesting book = noun phrase

 

      It was quite interesting

 

 

NEGATION OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

 

- the auxiliary verbs are negated by adding NOT after them (You mustn’t come / She will not come)

- in a modal verb phrase the negation element is between the modal and the verb

 

        You may not listen to me 1 sentence / more meanings

 

  1. smieš ma nepočúvať - deontic meaning (may not)
  2. možno ma nepočúva - epistemic (not listen)

 

 

 

when two negative elements do not negate each other

 

  1. normally if we have 2 negatvie elements in 1 sentence they negate each other and the meaning is than positive - but no always

 

She is not unhappy

 

  1. she is happy
  2. she isn’t unhappy, but she must not be happy

 

 

INVERSION IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES

 

 

  1. if we put a negative element in the front of the sentence, we have to change the word order of an interrogative sentence

 

Never did I read the book.

 

Never have I read the book.

 

 

 

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