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SYNTAX - prednáška 7.hod. (Lojová) (7)_syntax_8.4.2008.doc)

SYNTAX PREDNÁŠKA                8.4.2008

COMPLEX SENTENCE

(podraďovacie súvetie)

1. the sentence, that consists of 2 or more clauses that are in a relationship

of subordination and superordination

2. on main clause = independent clause
3. hierarchy of clauses plays here an important role

CLAUSE TYPES

 INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (main, matrix, superordined clause)

4. hlavná veta
5. the main feature is that if may stand on its own

-        as soon as we have an embedded clause = matrix clause

-        as soon as we have subordinate clause = main clause

        Peter bought a book that he wanted        SVO = main clause

        Peter bought a book = main clause / it can stand on its own / the other can be dropped

        a book that he wanted = object direct

        What I like is watching TV.          SVCs = matrix clause (just a pattern)

        what I like = 1. clause / subject / embedded clause

        is = 2. clause  / verb

        watching TV = 3. clause / subject complement / embedded clause / verb phrase

        She came home when I was sleeping.        SVA = main clause

        she = subject

        came = verb

        home = adverbial

        when I was sleeping = adverbial / subordinate clause / adverbial clause / optional - it can be dropped

MAIN CLAUSE - can stand on its own when the subordinate clause is deleted

MATRIX CLAUSE         - always looks like a pattern

        - subject complement is expressed by an embedded clause

 DEPENDENT CLAUSE

1. embedded clause (S / Oi / Od / Cs / Co)

- those clauses that function as the whole clause element

        She said that she was coming.

        clause, clause element, Od

- if it is an embedded clause, we can always replace it by 1 word

- embedded clauses function as obligatory clause elements in clause types SVA, SVOA

        I put the book where it supposes to be.

        when Adverbial is an obligatory element  embedded clause

        because it must be in the sentence

2. subordinate clause (A / part of a clause element)

- those clauses that function as an adverbial or a part of the clause element

        The girl, who is sitting next to me, is a good student.

            subordinate clause

- subordinate clauses are not obligatory

Peter bought a book.

Peter = subject

bought = verb

a book = object direct

Peter bought a book that he wanted.

Peter = subject

bought = verb

a book that he wanted = object direct expressed by a noun phrase

that he wanted = subordinate clause / just a part of the NP / functions as a post modifier in a NP

Peter bought what he wanted.

Peter = subject

bought = verb

what he wanted = object direct / dependent clause functioning as and object direct / embedded clause

Whoever comes late can’t enter the classroom.

Whoever comes late = subject / embedded clause

can’t enter = verb

the classroom = object direct

I am explaining the grammar that you don’t understand.

I am explaining the grammar = subordinate clause

that you don’t understand = functions as a part of object direct / expressed by 1 NP / a post modifier in a NP

We are talking about what you like.

what you like = embedded clause / functions as an object direct

When I came home nobody was there

when I came home = subordinate clause / adverbial

She said that she was tired.

that she was tired = embedded clause

SVO = matrix clause where an Od is expressed by an embedded clause

I gave her what she wanted

what she wanted = matrix clause / embedded clause

The girl who is here is very nice

who is here = subordinate clause / SVC / main clause

I gave her the book that she wanted.

I gave her the book = main clause

that she wanted = subordinate clause