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SYNTAX - prednáška 8.hod. (Lojová) (syntax_prednaska15.doc)

SYNTAX PREDNÁŠKA                15.4.2008

CLASSIFICATION OF DEPENDENT SENTENCES

 according to the structure THEY ARE:

1. Finite - with finite verb phrase - identific grammatical categories

I came home when my mother was washing-up.  (1st person Singular)

2. Non-finite - ing / ed / to inf. / bare inf. --- with S or without S

1. ing  -  Working is difficult  /  Speaking English is easy
2. ed  -  Supported by her parents she could study
3. to -  To study English you need to be patient

               To work with you is difficult

               I´d like to work

               I want to sleep (dependent non-finite)

                     I want him to go home.

                     I = subject

                     want = verb

                     him = subject

                      him to go home = Od expressed by clause element

4. bare inf.  -  Make him go  /  Let me go  /  Have him do that  / I saw him walk

I asked him to go home.

I = subject

asked = ditransitive verb

him = object indirect

to go home = without subject

He told me to come.

he = subject

told = ditransitive verb

me = object indirect

to come = object direct

3. Verbless         - without a verb

        - each clause must have a verb, but it can be ellipted

        - usually it is a subject

I am sorry   Sorry!

I will come if it is possible    I will come if possible

She did it as she usually does    She did it as usually

If she is black or white I like her anyway    Black or white, I like her anyway

When I am without him, I can’t go home    Without him, I can’t go home

When she is too tired, she can’t concentrate   Too tired, she can’t concentrate  

 according to the SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS THEY FUNCTION AS:

a) Any clause element   (S, Oi, Od, Cs, Co, A)

S  What I like about her is her smile

Od  I want him to go home

Oi  I gave him a book  /  I gave whoever asked me a book    clause

Cs  She is a student  /  She is who you are looking for    clause

Co  I will make you good grammarians  /  I make you what you definitely want to be    clause

A  The book is where I put it  /  The book is where it belong    clause

b) Part of a clause element

1. post modifier in NP (most frequent)

She is the one (that) I love  /  Pass me the book (that) I gave you

2. prepositional complement

We were talking about what you suggested  / I will discuss it with whoever comes

3. adjectival complement  (adjectives that requires complement)

I’m happy to be here

I’m sad that you don’t know

It is nice to be here

You are likely to come

4. apposition

My brother, who is now in England, is eighteen

 according to the SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS THEY FUNCTION AS:

a) Nominal clause  

1. that clause
2. WH-interrogative clause
3. nominal relative clause
4. YES/NO interrogative clause (if, whether)
5. exclamative clause
6. non-finite clause (ing  /  to inf.  /  bare inf.)

b) Adverbial  

7. time
8. place
9. manner
10. condition
11. reason
12. result

c) Relative   (that, who, which, whose)

13. defining (restructive)   My brother, that one who is in London, is eighteen
14. non-defining (nonrestructive)   My brother, who is in London, is eighteen
15. sentencial  

d) Comparative  (than, as…as, the same as)

        He is stronger than I used to be

        He is taller than my brother used to be

        She is as clever as I am