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SYNTAX - seminár 8.hod. (Brychová) (syntax_seminar15.doc)

SYNTAX SEMINÁR                15.4.2008

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

→ Cs express the subject of the main clause

→ QUESTIONS:  Subject (WHO? WHAT?)

1. that (že)
2. whether, if (či)
3. who (kto)
4. what (čo)
5. which (ktorý)
6. whose (čí)
7. when (kedy)
8. where (kde, kam)
9. how (ako)
10. why (prečo)

That time is money had never occurred to him      WHAT?

subordinate

The worst thing is that he never knows when to be silent       WHAT?

subordinate

What he has been doing since then is unknown        WHAT?

subordinate

When he will recover is uncertain        WHAT?

subordinate

How he got inside is not clear to me        WHAT?

subordinate

anticipatory IT

        It is obvious that he has flu

        It is not certain when he will recover           WHAT?

        it is not clear to me how he got inside

OBJECT CLAUSES

1. object of the main clause express
2. connected with reported speech
3. expressed by:

1. to say                – to consider
2. tell                – to think
3. ask                – red
4. answer        – know        
5. report                – write

1. conjunctions:

1. what
2. that (že, aby)
3. whether (či - object preposition)
4. if (ak - conditional conjunction)
5. when (keď - time conjunction)
6. relative pronouns - who, whom, what, which, whose, when, where, how, why

I don’t know who he is      (WHAT DON’T I KNOW?)

subordinate

I think he is on holiday      (WHAT DO I THINK?)

subordinate

She says to me that she is busy       (what does she tell me?)

subordinate

I must inform when the train arrives / will arrive    (WHAT MUST I INFORM?)

subordinate

I don’t know whether he will come but if he comes, he will tell you everything    (WHAT DON’T I KNOW?)

I don’t know when he will come but when he comes, he will tell you everything

 !    IF - in general meaning - či vôbec

 !    WHETHER - if yes or no / specified - či áno alebo nie  

I think that you are right    (FORMAL COMMUNICATION - THAT)

subordinate

He says (that) Marry is going to get married

subordinate

REPORTED SPEECH:

2. next month → the following month
3. next year → the next year
4. present tense does not clang when → facts
5. past simple → historic events, born, died → no change

He said that he had given it to me the day before

     (BEZ ZMENY)  →   He told me this morning that he gave if to me yesterday

He told Marry had got married   →    He told me this week that Marry got married last year

FUTURE PERFECT:

He said (that) we could have done that exam by the end of term

I would do the same in your place

PRESENT CONDITIONAL

        He said that he would have done the same in my place

        PERFECT CONDITIONAL

must:

I must do it quickly   →    He said (that) he had to do it quickly

I needn’t do it quickly    (WHAT DID SHE SAY)   →   She said he didn’t have to do it quickly

I mustn’t do it quickly   (NESMIEM)  →    He said (that) he wasn’t to do it

He said he wouldn’t have to do it the next year   →   MUSTN’T   →    Wasn’t to do it

   !  MUST - necessity for future (BUDEM MUSIEŤ)

I must do it next week   (WHAT DID HE SAY?)   →    He said he would have to do it the next week

  !  MUST - no change, prohibition, inevitability (NEVYHNUTNOSŤ)

PROHIBITION - “You mustn’t smoke”   →   He said (that) I mustn’t ´t smoke

INEVITABILITY - I must think 2x before making decisions   →    He said he must think 2x before …..

INVERSION OF DIRECT QUESTIONS:

“Is it time to go?”   →   He asked if it was time to go

“How did you do that”   →   He asked how I had done that

“May I use your phone?”   →    He asked if he might use my phone

“How long does it last?”   →  He asked how long it lasted

SHALL = MÁM?

“Shall I open the window?”   →   He asked if he should open the window

“Shall I give you a ticket now?”   →   He asked if he should give me a ticket

SHALL = WOULD (AKÁ BUDE BUDÚCNOSŤ?)

“Shall I like the concert?”   →   She asked if she would like the concert

ROZKAZOVACí spôsob = slovesá ask, tell, order

“Be happy!”   →    He said to us to be happy

attributive CLAUSES

6. prívlastkové
7. they are introduced by relative clauses

1. Defining relative clauses - restrictive

- relative pronouns (no commas):

1. that
2. who
3. which
4. whim
5. whose

The man who / that lives opposite has just got married

The book which / that I am reading is a novel

2. Non-defining relative clauses

1. who  (with commas)
2. which

From the window of her bedroom, which was immediately over the shop, she could see the busy road way below.

3. Attributive appositive clauses (prístavkové)

- expressed by:

1. fact
2. news
3. statement

He couldn’t understand the fact that the house wasn’t insured

  vedľajšia veta prístavková

PREDICATIVE CLAUSES

The problem with him was that he refused to take advice

        predicative clause  

The question is whether there will be some train on Wednesday

predicative clause  

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

TIME CONJUCTIONS

Introduced by expression of:

1. when (keď)  → change of the simple future into simple present tense  
2. after
3. as (v zmysle keď)
4. as soon as
5. as long as (pokiaľ)
6. before (prv než, skôr než)
7. since (odkedy, od toho času)
8. till
9. until
10. whenever (vždy keď)
11. while (kým, zatiaľ eo)
12. no sooner then (sotva čo)
13. whenever

When I came, he was busy

       main

  subordinate

He was busy when I came

As long as you try the best you can, I will be proud of you.

Since we are a member of the EU, we can travel without a passport.