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SYNTAX - prednáška 9.hod. (Lojová) (syntax_prednaska22.doc)

SYNTAX PREDNÁŠKA                22.4.2008

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

1. z Quirka netreba Subclassification, netreba to tak detailne vedieť
2. stačí vedieť identifikovať základné veci + uviesť príklady

→ they mainly function as adjuncts or disjuncts (some of them)

→ disjuncts = prezentujem svoj vlastný názor

- clauses functioning as disjuncts

As far as I am concerned

As far as I know

→ they are classified according to their semantic meaning

→ sometimes they combine meaning

Walking in the streets I came across my friend.

         adverbial

of place / time / manner

→ most frequent used adverbials are those of time and manner

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

classification according to the semantic meaning

1.) Adverbial clauses of time

1. location (WHEN) - I was there when my grandmother died
2. duration (HOW LONG) - I was watching TV while she was cooking
3. frequency (HOW OFTEN) - I ask questions as often as it is possible

2.) Adverbial clauses of place

1. position (WHERE) - The book is where I put it
2. direction (WHERE TO) - Go where you suppose to be

3.) Adverbial clauses of manner

1. manner (HOW) - Do it as I told you

4.) Adverbial clauses of condition

2. condition (IF) - If I was you, I wouldn’t do it

5.) Adverbial clauses of concession

3. concession (ALTHOUGH) - Although I trust him, he is still suspicious

6.) Adverbial clauses of contrast

4. contrast (WHILE, WHEREAS) - While he is self-confident, I’m not

7.) Adverbial clauses of reason

5. why (BECAUSE, FOR) - She doesn’t want me because I’m ugly

8.) Adverbial clauses of purpose

6. what for (IN ORDER TO, SO THAT, TO)         - You came here to study English

                - You came here so that you could study English

9.) Adverbial clauses of result

7. consequence (SO, SO THAT) - You studied hard, so you passed the exam

10.) Adverbial clauses of comment - DISJUNCT

11.) Adverbial clauses of reporting - AS HE SAID

12.) Lot of other types of clauses in subclassification in Quirk (netreba vedieť)

III. SEMANTIC FUNCTION

 NOMINAL CLAUSES

3. the same function in a sentence as nouns
4. dá sa nahradiť navzájom jedno za druhé jedným slovom
5. has the same semantic function as the noun phrase

1. Nominal THAT clause

  He said that I could go home

           He said something  we can replace it by 1 word

2. Nominal WH - interrogative clause

   She asked me what I was going to do / how to behave

She asked me something

3. Nominal relative clause - similar to WH - interrogative clause, but different in meaning

4. Nominal YES & NO interrogative clause - introduced by IF or WHETER

She asked me if I loved her.

Do you love me?  YES / NO

5. Nominal exclamative clause

How beautiful she is!

I’m thinking about how beautiful she is

6. Nominal non-finite clauses

1. - ing (gerund) - I like playing football  I like something  /  Speaking English is easy
2. - to inf. - I’d like to play football  / I want to go home
3. - bare inf. - I let you cook the dinner  /  I saw him cry

                    make

                have

                    help

BREAKING DOWN THE SENTENCE

sitting in a bar I heard that you were a student

sitting in a bar         - dependant clause I.

        - adverbial

        - non-finite adverbial

I heard that you were a student         - dependent clause II.

        - matrix clause SVO

        - the Od is expressed as dependant clause

I - subject

heard - verb

that you were a student - Od

1. Dependant clause I.         - according to the structure it is non-finite  -ing clause

        - syntactically it functions as adverbial

        - semantically it functions as adverbial of time / or place / or manner

2. Dependant clause II.        - structurally it is a finite clause

        - syntactically it is an Od

        - semantically it is a nominal THAT clause