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SYNTAX - skompletizované poznámky zo seminárov z celého semestra (Brychová) (syntax_-_seminar_cele.doc)

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT

 

SUBJECT

 

  1. NUMERAL - The first is the best
  2. NOUN - The dog is eating

these might be used as a subject in a sentence

  1. PRONOUN - She is nice
  2. INFINITIVE - To live in a city is exciting / To succeed is not easy
  3. NOUN PHRASE - The big boy is staying here
  4. GERUND - Swimming is my favourite sport
  5. OTHER WORDS - “A” is a vowel
  6. A GROUP OF WORDS - Some of them promised to help

                        A large number of children

 

 

  1. simple subject = subject expressed by one word

                             Peter is here

 

  1. complete subject = modified by other words (adjective, numeral)

 The blue has is rather expensive

 

  1. compound subject = more linked words of the same type

                                  Jane and Lucas study Spanish

 

  1. personal subject = persons expressed by names

                               Jana has already bought this book

 

          = personal pronoun

                                    She is in a good mood

 

          = names of things

                Sun is rising

                Patience is a good quality

 

  1. formal subject = denote time, distance, weather

                            (anticipatory it, introducing it, preparatory it)

                            It will be nice weather tomorrow

 

  1. impersonal subject

          It’s ten past two

          It was rather cold

                             

 

It’s a pity that he couldn’t come

it´s - formal subject + verb

pity - complement

he  - real subject

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. real subject = expressed by clause (vedľajšia veta) = noun clause

                                 

         It´s obvious that she wanted you to buy it.

         she wanted you to buy it - real subject

                                 

                                   It’s a mystery how he found it out.

          It´s - verb

          mystery - subject complement

                                          how he found it out - real subject

 

  1. formal subject = describing position of person, thing, are not exactly modified

          (use of indefinite pronouns some, any, a, an)

          (use of the introductory particle there)

          

                   There is a book on the desk.

                there - formal subject

                 is - verb

                  book - real subject

                  desk - adverb complement

 

                There are some children in the garden.

                There were many apples on the tree.

                

                There was no money in the purse.

                there - formal subject

                was - verb

                no money - real subject

                

 

 

Inversion of the verb and the subject

 

WHO - front position subject

           - interrogative pronoun

        Who is there?

        Who is writing?

        Who was there?

 

 

 

        Give it to me!

        give = verb

        it = object direct

        to me = object indirect

SUBJECT IS NOT EXPRESSED

 

        Come here!

        come - verb

        here - adverb complement

 

(You) Show me the photographs!

             show - verb

         me - object indirect

         the photographs - object direct

        

 

You give it to me! - stress, emphasize, some orders

 

 

 

PREDICATE

 

  1. prísudok
  2. gives information about the subject

 

 

  1. simple unextended predicate = only 1 word / 1 verb

        = intransitive verbs - neprechodné (have Oid)

 

Fish swim.

Birds fly.

We work.

 

 

  1. simple extended predicate = take the object direct

                                                        = transitive verbs (S-V-Od)

 

           Jane cooks dinner.

           She posted the letter.

           We study English.

 

 

The dog jumped at the thief.

the dog - subject

jumped - verb

at the thief - object prepositional

 

 

The dog jumped at the thief.

the dog - subject

jumped at - prepositional verb

the thief - object direct

 

Mrs. Brow gave her son a guitar.

Mrs.Brown - subject

gave her son a guitar - predicate

give - verb (ditransitive)

her son - object indirect

a guitar - object direct

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PREDICATE

 

The man threw a stone at the dog.

Subject - the man

Predicate - threw a stone at the dog

 

this predicate consists of a verb (threw) an object direct (stone) an a prepositional object (at the dog)

 

The boy ran away.

Subject - the boy

Verb - ran

Adverb complement / adverbial - away

 

Tom put the book somewhere.

Subject - Tom

Verb - put

Object direct - the book

               Except the subject,

the rest of the sentence is the predicate

Adverbial - somewhere

 

He lives here.

Subject - He

Verb - lives

Adverbial - here

 

Jane bought it yesterday.

Subject - Jane

Verb - bought

Object direct - it

Adverbial - yesterday

 

 

COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE

zložený slovesný prísudok

more than one, two …….verbs together

compound verbal predicate consists of one finite verb form and one or more non-finite verb forms

 

She ran and jumped.

Compound predicate - ran and jumped

 

John must do it.

Must - finite, auxiliary verbs - ALL

do - non-finite, bare infinitive, present infinitive simple

 

It will be snowing.

Will - finite, auxiliary verb

be snowing - non-finite, present infinitive continuous

 

 

Podľa tabuľky VERBS

They may have read it.

may - finite, auxiliary verb

have read - non-finite, perfect infinitive simple, active voice

 

He has bought it.

has - finite, auxiliary verb

bought - non-finite, past participle, passive voice

 

They are swimming.

are - finite

swimming - non-finite, present participle

 

 

 

 

COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE

we must ask What is the subject? the rest is the predicate

here the copular - the linking verbs are important

copular verbs link the subject and the complement in a sentence

 

You are students.

are - copular verb

students - subject complement

 

You are clever.

 

I am a teacher.

 

Doc.Lojová is an university teacher.

 

The sup tastes delicious.

 

Their son became a journalist.

 

The perfume smells sweet.

 

Verbs denoting becoming - to become, to grow, to turn, to go

Verbs denoting being - to be, to feel, to smell, to taste

Verbs denoting remaining - to stay, to remain, to keep, to continue

Verbs denoting seeming - to seem, to appear, to look

 

Primary parts of the sentence - subject and predicate

Secondary parts of the sentence - object, complement, adverbial (rozvíjajúce vetné členy)

 

 

OBJECT DIRECT

we ask with the question WHAT? WHO?

it can be a noun, a pronoun,  an infinitive, an infinitival phrase

 

Rado opened the window.

the window - a noun, object direct

 

I know you.

you - pronoun, personal pronoun

 

The patient wanted to sleep.

to sleep - infinitive

 

The little girl wanted to play with her dolls.

to play with her dolls - infinitival phrase, object direct - what did the little girl want to do?

 

Peter likes playing football.

 

It began raining.

 

They risked missing the bus.

 

What do you like doing?

I like sleeping.

sleeping - gerund present, ing form, object direct

OBJECT INDIRECT

 

u Brychovej je to Object indirect, u Lojovej je to adverbial (kam?)

 

 

Mrs. Brown gave a guitar to her son.   this word order is used when we want to emphasize something

to her son - object indirect

                  - only to her son, not to her daughter

 

the difference is in the emphasizing

 

 

 

Mrs. Brown gave her son a guitar.     when Object indirect precedes Object direct it is a normal sentence

väčšinou v angličtine Object indirect predchádza Object direct,

    ale keď chceme zdôrazniť “komu” - Object indirect ide na koniec

 

 

 

OBJECT PREPOSITIONAL

 

when the Object direct is long, it follows the prepositional object

when it is short - only consisting of 1 word - it precedes the prepositional object

 

 

He translated from English this book.

Subject - he

Predicate - consisting of a verb, prepositional object and object direct

Verb - translated

Prepositional object - from English

Object direct - this book - long Object direct (more words)

 

He translated it from English.

Object direct - it

Prepositional object - from English - pronoun

 

 

COGNATE OBJECT

 

príbuzný object

when the object noun is the same as the predicate noun (to smile / a smile)

 

The child slept a quite sleep.

Subject - the child

Verb - slept

Cognate object - a quite sleep

 

Jane’s grandfather lived an honest life.

Cognate object - an honest life

 

Patricia nod Lucas smiled an ironic smile.

Cognate object - an ironic smile

 

 

 

 

 

 

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

tells us what somebody or something is or what somebody or something is like

it is connected with the subject by a copular verb

it can be expressed by a noun, an adjective, a numeral, preset participles, past participle, gerund,

   infinitive, adverb, pronoun or noun with a preposition or can be expressed by a group of words

She became a teacher.

Subject complement - a teacher - noun

 

The sup tastes delicious.

Subject complement - delicious - adjective

 

taste

 

 

 

 

po týchto slovesách používame vždy prídavné meno, nikdy to nie je príslovka

smell

fall

sound

look

 

 

You are fourteen.

Subject complement - fourteen - numeral

 

The film was boring, interesting.

Subject complement - boring, interesting - ing form, present participle

 

We are tired.

Subject complement - tired - past participle

 

Rado´s hobby is eating.

Subject complement - eating - gerund

 

Your duty is to study.

Subject complement - to study - infinitive

 

The students are here.

Subject complement - here - adverb

 

I am with you. You are with me.

Subject complement - with you, with me - pronoun with preposition

 

You are with Mrs. Brychová.

Subject complement - with Mrs.Brychová - noun with preposition

 

Worst of all was her being late.

Subject complement - her being late - expressed by a group of words

 

 

OBJECT COMPLEMENT

expressed by an adjective

completes what is said about the object direct

by the use of it we can express in one sentence what was said in two sentences

 

The window was blue. They painted it.

The window was blue after they had painted it.

 

They painted the fence red. The fence was red.

They painted the fence red.

Subject - they

Verb - painted

Object direct - the fence

Object complement - red

ADVERB COMPLEMENT

 

  1. completes the verbs and it always follows the verb
  2. we can ask “WHERE”?
  3. where something was or is done
  4. can be expressed by:

 

  1. one word (down, here, there)
  2. prepositional phrase

 

The picture is hanging on the wall.

on the wall - adverb complement

 

  1. noun phrase

 

They were standing side by side.

side by side - adverb complement

 

He returned after the war.

after the war - adverb complement

 

 

The older women sat down to take a breath.

to take a breath - adverb complement

 

 

 

the infinitive expresses in this sentence the purpose or result (prečo si sadla?)

 

 

The letter arrived yesterday.

yesterday - adverb complement  

 

 

 

it informs us about the time of the action (KEDY DOŠIEL LIST?)

 

 

The students study hard.

hard - adverb complement

 

 

 

it informs us about how the students study (AKO ŠTUDUJÚ?)

 

I found the bed rather hard.

rather hard - POZOR  object complement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MODIFYING PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

 

MODIFIERS

 

  1. secondary part of the sentence
  2. they modify the sense of various parts of the sentence - the subject, the object, the predicate, the verb
  3. they may be divided into 3 groups:

 

NOUN MODIFIERS

ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, VERB MODIFIERS

PHRASE AND SENTENCE MODIFIERS

 

 

NOUN MODIFIERS

 

I. WHEN WE MODIFY SUBJECT

 

  1. can expressed by an adjective and possessive case but they are used attributively,                     because they modify the subject of the sentence
  2. there can be a definite or an indefinite article
  3. it can be a noun in the possessive case, an adjective, a numeral, demonstrative pronoun, participle, indefinite article, past participle, prepositional phrase, definite article, a group o words, apposition, the infinitive verb phrase in passive voice

 

The little children had a lot to eat.

The little - modifier

the little children - subject

 

 

The unhappy woman burst out crying.

The unhappy - modifier (used attributively)

The unhappy woman - subject

 

 

Henry’s brother is a teacher.

Henry’s - modifier (possessive case)

Henry’s brother - subject

 

 

Tom´s grandfather is ill.

Tom´s - modifier (used attributively)

Tom´s grandfather - subject

is - linking verb

ill - subject complement (expressed by an adjective / used predicatively)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

That sleeping child is smiling nice.

That sleeping child - subject

That sleeping - modifier

That - demonstrative pronoun

sleeping - participle

is smiling nice - predicate

smiling - subject complement

nice - complement adverbial

 

 

A registered letter must not get lost.

A registered letter - subject

A registered - modifier

A - indefinite article

registered - past participle

must not get lost - predicate

must not - finite verb form

get lost - infinite verb form

 

 

The books on my desk are from Auntie Jane.

The books on my desk - subject

on my desk - modifier (expressed by a prepositional phrase)

are from Auntie Jane - predicate

from Auntie Jane - prepositional phrase

 

 

Nine students are sitting around the desk.

Nine - numeral

 

 

The car there is a Mercedes.

The - definite article

there - modifier (expressed by an adverb)

 

 

The three month long holiday were never forgotten.

The three month long - modifier (expressed by a group of words)

 

 

William Shakespeare, one of the best dramatists, didn’t study at the university.

one of the best dramatists - modifier (expressed by an apposition)

 

 

The question to be answered was extremely difficult.

The - definite article

to be answered - modifier (expressed by the infinitive verb phrase in passive voice)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

II. WHEN WE MODIFY object direct

 

 

John bought two cinema tickets.

John - subject

bought two cinema tickets - predicate

bought - verb

two - numeral

cinema - adjective

two cinema tickets - object direct

 

 

Charles likes your thrilling stories.

Charles - subject

likes your thrilling stories - predicate

likes - verb

your - possessive pronoun

thrilling - participle

your thrilling stories - object direct

 

 

He saw their new house.

He - subject

saw their new house - predicate

saw - verb

their - possessive pronoun

new - adjective

their new house - object direct

 

 

 

III. WHEN WE MODIFY object direct AND OBJECT INDIRECT

 

We showed those English students the sights of our town.

We - subject

showed - verb

those - demonstrative pronoun

English - adjective

those English students - object indirect

the - definite article

of our town - prepositional phrase

the sights of our town - object direct

 

 

IV. WHEN WE MODIFY SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

 

He is the best player in our team.

He - subject

is - verb

the best player in our team - subject complement

the - definite article

best - adjective in superlative

in our team - prepositional phrase

 

VERB MODIFIERS

 

- can be expressed by adverbs or by an adverbial phrase

 

You study hard.

hard - verb modifier

 

That man drives fast.

fast - verb modifier

 

They answered in a friendly way.

They - subject

answered - verb

in a friendly way - verb modifiers

 

 

ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB MODIFIERS

 

  1. the adjective can be modified by adverbs
  2. the adverb can be modified by adverbs

 

We saw a highly amusing play.

We - subject

saw a highly amusing play - predicate

a highly amusing play - object direct

saw - verb

a - indefinite article

highly - adverb

amusing - adjective

 

 

We were awfully sorry.

We - subject

were awfully sorry - predicate

were - verb

awfully - adverb

sorry - adjective

 

 

He spoke very well.

He - subject

spoke very well - predicate

spoke - verb

very - adverb

well - adverb

 

 

It was too late.

It  - subject

was too late - predicate

was - verb

too - adverb

late - adverb

 

SENTENCES

 

  1. SIMPLE SENTENCE is a sentence that consists of a subject and a predicate.

 

We study.

We - subject

study - verb

 

 

  1. there are also ONE MEMBER SENTENCES

 

  1. consisting of 1 verb

 

  1. imperative Go!   Silence!   Study!   Mother!
  2. questions   What?   Where?   Why?   Really?
  3. other         Ouch. No. Yes.

 

  1. sometimes consisting of more words, but they don’t have a predicate or a verb

 

Good idea.

Another cup of tea.

See you on Tuesday.

Anything missing?

At home.

At school.

 

 

  1. there are UNEXTENDED TWO MEMBER SENTENCES (holá, nerozvitá veta)

 

        We study.

 

 

  1. there are EXTENDED SENTENCES (rozvitá veta)

 

        We study hard every day.

 

 

  1. there are also COMPOUND SENTENCES that consist of two or more coordinate elements

    (priraďovacie súvetia)

 

        

  1. there are also COMPLEX SENTENCES (podraďovacie súvetia)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GRAMMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF WORD ORDER

 

- the English language has a fixed word order (SV….)

 

 

        EXCEPTS OF THIS ARE:

 

1) questions, interrogative clauses - there is an inversion (subject + operator)

 

 

 

                                 exception is in subject questions (Who did it?) and W-words (Who did what?)

 

2) contrast

 

3) fronting

 

  1. fronted objects        - typical for demonstrative pronouns  

          This I do not understand.

          That I also like.

 

        - examples with “such a…”

                Such thing you must tell me.

 

  1. fronted predicatives        - expressed by “best of all / “even” / “also” / “the more” / “so different”  

                                           at the beginning of the sentence

                

                - mainly when we use linking verbs

                  Also it is very popular for travelling.

        

  1. fronting of predicative with subject front order without inversion

        

Right you are.

Bloody amazing it was.

You are a little deedle, you are!

 

  1. fronted  -ed  &  -ing  predicates - uses in newspapers and official documents

 

Standing at the airport we saw a…..

Considering the situation…..

Focusing ……..

Aiming…….

 

  1. fronting in exclamation

 

How clever you are!

Charming you are!

 

4) formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms and archaic verb forms

 

        Long live the Queen.                So help me God.

        Be it proclaimed.                So be.

 

 

5) degree adverbs

 

        So greatly had he suffered.

        So badly was he affected.

6) inversion

 

  1. in opening time adverbials

 

                THEN - Then came voices all shouting together.

                AGAIN - Again came the sounds.

                FIRST - First came the shouts.

                NEXT - Next came the crowd.

                NOW - Now comes the fear.

 

  1. after linking forms SO, NOR, NEITHER

 

She jumped, so did we.

 

Please do help me, she said.

Will you help me, please?

 

  1. in use of indirect speech - mainly in news when you use quotation

 

“Are you going home?” - someone asked.

“This is very interesting.” - said he.

 

 

7) Subject after negative and restricting coordinators and adverbials

 

        NEITHER                NEVER

        NOWHERE                 NOT ONLY

        REALLY                SELDOM

        LITTLE                 LESS

        ONLY                        NOR

        HARDLY  

 

I haven’t done this. NOR have I.

 

NO DOUBT he will issue his instruction.

 

NOT SURPRISINGLY he won.

 

NOT MANY YEARS AGO there was a park.

 

IT SEEMED TO BE too easy.

 

 

 

8) clauses opening with the auxiliary “MAY”

 

        May he forgive you.

        Long may be so.

 

 

9) hypothetical conditional clauses         - mainly in formal writing style

        - if we want to replace it we use “SHOULD” or “HAD”

 

 

 

10) position of direct and indirect object - we can change it        

 

 

 

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

 

→ Cs express the subject of the main clause

 

→ QUESTIONS: Subject (WHO? WHAT?)

 

  1. that (že)
  2. whether, if (či)
  3. who (kto)
  4. what (čo)
  5. which (ktorý)
  6. whose (čí)
  7. when (kedy)
  8. where (kde, kam)
  9. how (ako)
  10. why (prečo)

 

That time is money had never occurred to him     WHAT?

 

subordinate

 

     

 

The worst thing is that he never knows when to be silent       WHAT?

subordinate

 

 

 

 

 

What he has been doing since then is unknown       WHAT?

subordinate

 

 

 

 

 

When he will recover is uncertain       WHAT?

 

subordinate

 

 

 

 

How he got inside is not clear to me       WHAT?

 

subordinate

 

 

 

 

 

anticipatory IT

        It is obvious that he has flu

        It is not certain when he will recover           WHAT?

        it is not clear to me how he got inside

 

 

 

 

 

 

OBJECT CLAUSES

 

  1. object of the main clause express
  2. connected with reported speech
  3. expressed by:
  1. to say                – to consider
  2. tell                – to think
  3. ask                – red
  4. answer        – know        
  5. report                – write

 

  1. conjunctions:
  1. what
  2. that (že, aby)
  3. whether (či - object preposition)
  4. if (ak - conditional conjunction)
  5. when (keď - time conjunction)
  6. relative pronouns - who, whom, what, which, whose, when, where, how, why

 

 

I don’t know who he is      (WHAT DON’T I KNOW?)

 

subordinate

 

 

 

 

I think he is on holiday      (WHAT DO I THINK?)

 

subordinate

 

 

 

 

She says to me that she is busy       (what does she tell me?)

 

subordinate

 

 

 

 

I must inform when the train arrives / will arrive    (WHAT MUST I INFORM?)

 

subordinate

 

 

 

I don’t know whether he will come but if he comes, he will tell you everything    (WHAT DON’T I KNOW?)

I don’t know when he will come but when he comes, he will tell you everything

 

 !    IF - in general meaning - či vôbec

 !    WHETHER - if yes or no / specified - či áno alebo nie  

 

 

I think that you are right    (FORMAL COMMUNICATION - THAT)

 

subordinate

 

 

 

 

He says (that) Marry is going to get married

 

subordinate

 

REPORTED SPEECH:

 

  1. next month → the following month
  2. next year → the next year
  3. present tense does not clang when → facts
  4. past simple → historic events, born, died → no change

 

 

He said that he had given it to me the day before

 

 

 

     (BEZ ZMENY)  →   He told me this morning that he gave if to me yesterday

 

 

He told Marry had got married   →    He told me this week that Marry got married last year

 

 

FUTURE PERFECT:

 

He said (that) we could have done that exam by the end of term

 

 

I would do the same in your place

 

 

PRESENT CONDITIONAL

 

 

        He said that he would have done the same in my place

 

        

 

        PERFECT CONDITIONAL

 

 

must:

 

I must do it quickly   →    He said (that) he had to do it quickly

 

I needn’t do it quickly    (WHAT DID SHE SAY)   →   She said he didn’t have to do it quickly

 

I mustn’t do it quickly   (NESMIEM)  →    He said (that) he wasn’t to do it

 

 

He said he wouldn’t have to do it the next year   →   MUSTN’T   →    Wasn’t to do it

 

 

   !  MUST - necessity for future (BUDEM MUSIEŤ)

 

I must do it next week   (WHAT DID HE SAY?)   →    He said he would have to do it the next week

 

 

  !  MUST - no change, prohibition, inevitability (NEVYHNUTNOSŤ)

 

 

PROHIBITION - “You mustn’t smoke”   →   He said (that) I mustn’t ´t smoke

 

INEVITABILITY - I must think 2x before making decisions   →    He said he must think 2x before …..

 

INVERSION OF DIRECT QUESTIONS:

 

“Is it time to go?”   →   He asked if it was time to go

 

“How did you do that”   →   He asked how I had done that

 

“May I use your phone?”   →    He asked if he might use my phone

 

“How long does it last?”   →  He asked how long it lasted

 

 

 

SHALL = MÁM?

 

“Shall I open the window?”   →   He asked if he should open the window

 

“Shall I give you a ticket now?”   →   He asked if he should give me a ticket

 

 

 

SHALL = WOULD (AKÁ BUDE BUDÚCNOSŤ?)

 

“Shall I like the concert?”   →   She asked if she would like the concert

 

 

 

ROZKAZOVACí spôsob = slovesá ask, tell, order

 

“Be happy!”   →    He said to us to be happy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

attributive CLAUSES

 

  1. prívlastkové
  2. they are introduced by relative clauses

 

  1. Defining relative clauses - restrictive

 

- relative pronouns (no commas):

 

  1. that
  2. who
  3. which
  4. whim
  5. whose

 

The man who / that lives opposite has just got married

 

The book which / that I am reading is a novel

 

 

  1. Non-defining relative clauses

 

  1. who  (with commas)
  2. which

 

From the window of her bedroom, which was immediately over the shop, she could see the busy road way below.

 

 

 

  1. Attributive appositive clauses (prístavkové)

 

- expressed by:

 

  1. fact
  2. news
  3. statement

 

He couldn’t understand the fact that the house wasn’t insured

 

  vedľajšia veta prístavková

 

 

 

 

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PREDICATIVE CLAUSES

 

 

The problem with him was that he refused to take advice

        predicative clause  

 

 

 

 

 

The question is whether there will be some train on Wednesday

 

predicative clause  

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

 

 

TIME CONJUCTIONS

 

Introduced by expression of:

 

  1. when (keď)  → change of the simple future into simple present tense  
  2. after
  3. as (v zmysle keď)
  4. as soon as
  5. as long as (pokiaľ)
  6. before (prv než, skôr než)
  7. since (odkedy, od toho času)
  8. till
  9. until
  10. whenever (vždy keď)
  11. while (kým, zatiaľ eo)
  12. no sooner then (sotva čo)
  13. whenever

 

When I came, he was busy

       main

 

  subordinate

 

 

 

 

He was busy when I came

 

As long as you try the best you can, I will be proud of you.

Since we are a member of the EU, we can travel without a passport.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE

 

 

Introduced by expression of:

 

  1. where, wherever

 

      Where there is a will, there is a way             /    Go where you like, I don’t mind    /    You may go wherever you like

 

 

         adverbial clause         main clause

  of place

 

 

 

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON

 

 

Vedľajšie vety príčinné, dôvodu - Introduced by the conjunctions:

 

  1. as, because, since (pretože, keďže), now that (we can omit it)

 

 

Now that you mentioned it, I do remember.

 

Now you mentioned it, I do remember.

 

As you are tired, you had better rest there is the reason why it is better to rest

 

Since we have no money, it’s no good thinking about holiday since expresses that the reason is known

 

Some people eat not because they are hungry, but for the pleasure of it

 

this reason puts down some people do it

it is specific, there are some distinctions in the use between there 3 conjunctions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER

 

 

Introduced by the conjunction:

 

  1. as, as if, as thought potom vždy konjunktív

 

He doesn’t speak as other people do

 

He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about

 

He acts as though he were mad

 

 

Comparative clauses belong to it - introduced by:

 

  1. then, as…as, as so, not as…as, not as so…as, the…the

 

The more he gets, the more he wants.

 

The more he trains, the worse the gets.

 

He plays the worse, the more he practices.

 

It is not as so easy as you think.

 

He speaks quicker than he thinks.

 

As a man lives, so he dies.

 

 

 

Consecutive clauses also belong to it - introduced by:

 

  1. so that, such that, that (here we can omit it)

 

Things are never so bad that they can’t be worse.

 

Things are never so bad they can’t be worse.

 

He spoke so fast that we couldn’t ´t follow him.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

 

 

  1. The question is WHY? / FOR WHAT PURPOSE?

 

  1. There are 3 TYPES:

 

  1. the subject is the same in the main & subordinate clause

 

- we contract if by infinitive particle “to”

 

I came near to see it better

 

  1. the subject is different in the main & subordinate clause

 

I came near so that hi might see me better

 

            - this type is the real adverbial clause of purpose, in English they are considered so

     - klasická účelová veta

     - introduced by the conjunctions:

 

               that, in order that, so that (aby), may, might

               lest + should (aby nie - used in bookish, older style)

 

                Speak louder so that I may her you

 

                I´m telling you so that you may know

 

 

        V MINULOM ČASE:

 

        In order that the dispute might sense

 

        He feared lest he should fall

 

 

        SHOULD         - for the informal style

                - when we want to express possibility

 

        I’ll call him at once that he shouldn’t wait for me

 

        I’ll ring him immediately that he shouldn’t  wait for me

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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