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Phonetic and Phonolgy (phonetics_and_phonolgy.doc)

RHYTHM:

-English has stress – timed rhythm

-stressed syllables appear at relatively regular intervals, whether they are separated by unstressed syllable or not:

      1              2                       3                           4                        5

e.g.   ´Walk ´down the ´path to the ´end of the ca´nal.

Assimilations:

-found in rapid, casual speech

-when the phoneme is realized differently as a result of being near some other phoneme belonging to a neighbouring word – assimilation

- - - C f / C i - - -                f = final; i = initial

 word boundary

-assimilation can be: a) regressive - C f changes to become C i

                                b) progressive - C i changes to become C f

-3 types of assimilation: a) A of place

                                      b) A of manner

                                      c) A of voicing

1. 1. ðæt pз:sn     t – alveolar, p – non – alveolar

         ðæp pз:sn    p – bilabial

     2. ðæt θiŋ        t – alveolar, plosive

         ðæt θiŋ        t – dental, plosive

3. ðæt keis        brait kΛlə    

               ðæk keis      braik kΛlə

2. ðæt said

                     =     regressive

ðæs said

inðə

         =   progressive

innə

1. much less noticeable final plosive fricative / nasals

3. 1. if  C f is lenis and C i is fortis - C f has no voicing

2. if  C f is fortis and C i is lenis - C f is never assimilated

e.g.       I like that black dog = /I laik ðæt blæk dɒg/ – k, t, k – fortis

-if assimilated – strong impression of foreign accent !

INTONATION: -pitch of the voice – play very important role, when we speak normally, pitch is constantly changing

                           -utterance – continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause

-intonation has a)  level tone ( _ )

                        b) moving tone  ( \ ) falling – definite manner

                                                  ( / ) rising – questioning manner

-complex tones:

fall – rise ( V ) – muxh less frequently used

rise – fall ( Λ )

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pitch             highest limit of the pitch range

↕

range            lowest limit of the pitch range

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_ yes     /yes     \yes

Tone – unit:

-one syllable and more……. \you

-underlined syllable carries the tone:

e.g.               it is /you → more prominent, carries rising tone – tonic syllable

                        ↓

                  less prominent

                                             = one tone – unit

                     level pitch

-structure of tone – unit:

e.g.    ´give me  \those

               ↓

          head - extends from the first stressed syllable up to the tonic syllable

e.g.     in  an  \hour

              ↓

pre – head - all unstressed syllables in a tone – unit preceding the first stressed syllable

e.g.     /what did you say

                           ↓

                           tail - any syllable between the tonic syllable and the end of the tone – unit