Návrat na detail prednášky / Stiahnuť prednášku / Univerzita Komenského / Pedagogická fakulta / AN - Teória prekladu a tlmočenia I.

Preklad a tlmočenie Aj - vypracované ťaháky na záverečný test (Kvetko) (tahaky_-_test.doc)

BRANCHES OF TRANSLATIONS STUDIES

1.) General theories of translation

2.) Studies of special disciplines of translation

- study of special language text translation

(technical texts / technický v užšom, odborný v širšom/

natural science texts, administrative and legal texts)

- study of literary text translation (poetry/fiction/drama/film)

- study of general information & advertising text

(journalistic, text of newspapers, advertisement, PR)

- study of translation for electronic media

3.) Applied translation studies (praxeology of T.)

- it deals with tolls we use in translation (T.aids, dict.)

- it deals with criticism of translation

- it deals with translators training - translation pedagogy

- sociological and editorial aspects

2 MAIN TYPES OF INTERPRETING

Consecutive interpreting

- it is the oral transference of the content of the source language

in the target language as a whole or a part of the text is spoken

and then comes interpreting

- there are modifications of this consecutive interpreting

(e.g. tourist or guide interpreting)

Simultaneous interpreting

- it is a special type, in which information is interpreted

at the same time

- the speaker is speaking in E., you are speaking in S.

you need to be in contact with the speaker and listen.

This is difficult, because there is no pause, there is the

pressure of time, her you need fast thinking and reactions

a) booth simultaneous interpreting (kabínkové)

b) whispering simultaneous interpreting

Relay interpreting - there are more stations - languages  

Sight interpreting - interpreting from written text

PROBLEMS BY INTERPRETIGN

- than there can occur an interference

(retroactive interference, interference caused by outer

surroundings, inter. caused by physiological influencing)

- we don´t have knowledge of the subject matter

- we need to know the social background, culture,

traditions, norms of both languages

Interpreting consists of several activities, they occur almost

at the same time, they have certain tendencies to interfere and

the ability to interpret is to find a fluent transition between them.

- you need good knowledge of both languages, subject matter,

extra linguistic factors and individual skills play also an important role

- you need a relatively fast thinking and reaction, because you are

pressed for time - you need short term memory

Interpreting is never complete. Even the best interpreters cover

around 80% of the text or speech.

Interpreting is a skill - you need to practice. You need the ability to

anticipate but only if you know the subject - you have to know certain

words from what you are going to interpret.

You need the ability to short cut - use short constructions, shorthand.

TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL SHIFTS

- any change between the original text in relation to the new text

The shift is relatively complex, sometimes we have to make more

changes. If we take something in one place, we have to add

something in another place.

The principle of lost and compensation is to take something

somewhere and to add something somewhere else.

It is the basic principal of translation and functional shift.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHIFT

subjective (individual) / objective / constitutive (systematic)

positive / negative / linguistic / socio-cultural (thematic)

MOST FREQUENT TYPES OF SHIFTS

a) Constitutive / systematic / linguistic shift

- based on different language systems

b) Socio-cultural / cultural shifts

- based on different approaches of extra linguistic reality

c) Subjective / individual shifts

- the translator uses the equivalent which he or she knows

d) Positive / Negative shift         

- they have a subjective character / depend on the translator’s

knowledge and skills of both languages, sociocultural background

and translator’s interpretation of the original text

e) Generic shift - when you change the genre,

e.g. something translated from poetry to prose

INTERLINGUAL VS. INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION

a) Interlingual translation

- it is a reproduction of a text into another language

- only this one is the proper translation in reality

b) Intralingual translation

- it is a paraphrase or a reproduction of a text in different

mode, style or genre within the same language

- for example “Canterbury Tales” - translated from

Old English into Modern English or into fiction  

WORD-FOR-WORD, LITERARY, IDIOMATIC, FREE T.

It is raining cats and dogs.

word-for-word: to je pršiace mačky a psy

literary: pršia mačky a psy

idiomatic: leje ako z krhly

free: veľmi prší

TECHNIQUES OF TRANSLATION

Explicitation / amplification

- it is a shift in which the translator expends the target text

by inserting additional words

- he frequently gives the information which is present implicitly

and which can be derived from the context

Back at St. Peter´s = vrátiť sa k bazilike Sv. Petra (spresnenie)

Simplification / reduction / omition

- it is a shift based on omitting some parts of the original text at

word level or sentence level caused by the system or individual

approach - instead of idioms we use collocations or one word

It was a quite charming bistro on the 56th Street on the East Side.

= Bolo to tiché bistro na East Side.

Modulation

- it is a shift in cognitive categories

- expressing the same idea in different words

- it may be systematic (bedroom = spálňa) or individual

(it´s easy to prove = nie je ťažké to dokázať)

Transposition

it is a shift of grammar, in grammatical categories  

time is money (Sg.) = čas sú peniaze (Pl.)

Substitution

- it is a technique in which a fact in the source language is

substituted by a fact with a similar function in the target language

- for example mile for kilometre - it is a culture specific concept

Transference

- it is a shift in which the translator uses a word or any expression

form the source language into the target language

- when we don’t have such word or from the fashionable way of use

e.g. some English words (PUB)

Transliteration

- it is a shift of the original sounds or letters (coroner - koroner)

BASIC INQUIRIES FOR TRANSLATION OF LITERARY TEXT

- we have to pay attention to the style ad connotation

- we have to pay attention to the metaphoric meaning, to the aesthetic values

- into literary texts are included:

1. fiction (from fairy tales to novels)
2. poetry (lyrical, epical)
3. drama (comedies, tragedies, farces)  

BASIC INQUIRIES FOR TRANSLATION OF TECHNICAL TEXT

- we use special kind of text

- the language is relatively simple but what is difficult is the terminology

- there must not be an equivalent for the technical terms

- they are often written in bad style with mistakes, the translator has to correct it

- we are concentrating on the denotative meaning

- the vocabulary is not metaphoric, it is more terminological  

- use of stereotypes, passive sentences