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WHAT IS A SPEECH ACT? (what_is_a_speech_act.doc)

What is a speech act?

SPEECH ACT

 

A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance, including the following:

  1. A general act (illocutionary act) that a speaker performs, analyzable as including
  1. the uttering of words (utterance acts)
  2. making reference and predicating (propositional acts)
  3. and a particular intention in making the utterance (illocutionary force)
  1. An act involved in the illocutionary act, including utterance acts and propositional acts

The production of a particular effect in the addressee (perlocutionary act)

 

SPEAKER

 

A speaker is the utterer of a message.

A speaker is typically the deictic center of his or her own deictic references.                                                           These are grammaticalized in first person morphemes.

A speaker is a kind of a participant role.

A participant role is a relation that persons have to each other with regards to their involvement                              in a speech event.

 

UTTERANCE

An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.                                                                       An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.                                                    Utterance does not have a precise linguistic definition. Phonetically an utterance is a unit of speech bounded by silence. In dialogue, each turn by a speaker may be considered an utterance.                          Linguists sometimes use utterance to simply refer to a unit of speech under study. The corresponding unit in written language is text.

Meaning and pragmatic function

 

Meaning and pragmatic function is a general heading under which terminology relating to the various areas of study of language use and interpretation is collected. These areas are variously categorized as either semantic or pragmatic.                                                                                                                              This inclusive grouping of meaning and pragmatic function is made because of the difficulty that theorists have in making in practice a sharp distinction between semantics and pragmatics. The topics that have been investigated and are presented under this topic are weighted heavily toward the pragmatic.

An expanded edition of the glossary projected for the future will likely include much additional terminology relating to the various areas of concern in semantics, especially case frames (that is, types of predications or propositions) and more semantic roles.

 

Here are some kinds of meaning and pragmatic function:

 

  1. conversation analysis
  1. pragmatics
  1. discourse
  1. reference
  1. implicature
  1. semantic role
  1. interpropositional relation
  1. speech act
  1. given versus new information
  1. trope

 

 

kinds of speech acts

 

1.) illocutionary act

2.) perlocutionary act

3.) propositional act

4.) utterance act

 

 

1.) Illocutionary act

 

An illocutionary act is a complete speech act, made in a typical utterance that consists of

  1. the delivery of the propositional content of the utterance (including references and a predicate)
  2. and a particular illocutionary force, whereby the speaker
  1. asserts
  2. suggests
  3. demands
  4. promises
  5. vows

 

REFERENCE

 

- Reference is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object or

 abstraction it represents.

- Reference is the relationship of one linguistic expression to another, in which one provides the

  information necessary to interpret the other.

 

Kinds of reference:

 

  1. coreference - is the reference in one expression to the same referent in another expression
  2. endophora - is coreference of an expression with another expression either before it or after it.  
  3. exophora - is reference of an expression directly to an extra linguistic referent.

 

 

KINDS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS

 

  1. command
  2. complex illocutionary act
  3. defective illocutionary act
  4. direct illocution
  5. elementary illocutionary act
  6. exclamation
  7. indirect illocution
  8. non-defective illocutionary act
  9. question
  10. statement

 

 

ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE

 

Illocutionary force is the combination of the:

  1. illocutionary point of an utterance, and
  2. particular presuppositions and attitudes that must accompany that point, including the
  1. strength of the illocutionary point
  2. preparatory conditions
  3. propositional content conditions
  4. mode of achievement
  5. sincerity conditions
  6. strenght of sincerity conditions.

Illocutionary force distinguishes the following types of acts:

  1. Asserting
  2. Promising
  3. Excommunicating
  4. Exclaiming in pain
  5. Inquiring
  6. Ordering

Commitment between illocutionary acts

 

Commitment between illocutionary acts is a condition in which the speaker’s commitment to one illocutionary act necessarily means the commitment to some other illocutionary act, regardless of the context of utterance.

 

 

Illocutionary consistency

 

Illocutionary consistency is a property of a set of illocutionary acts such that it is possible, in at least one context of utterance, for the speaker to be committed to all the acts simultaneously.

 

 

Illocutionary inconsistency

 

Illocutionary inconsistency is a property of a set of illocutionary acts such that it is not possible, in any context of utterance, for the speaker to be committed to all the acts simultaneously.

 

 

2.) Perlocutionary act

 

A perlocutionary act is a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an addressee by a speaker’s utterance.

 

Here are some examples of perlocutionary acts:

  1. Persuading
  2. Convincing
  3. Scaring
  4. Insulting
  5. Getting the addressee to do something

 

3.) Propositional act                                                                                                                                            

A propositional act is a speech act that a speaker performs when referring or predicating in an utterance.

The following utterances all have the same propositional act despite their different illocutionary acts, utterance acts, and perlocutionary acts:

  1. You go home.
  2. Do you go home?
  3. Go home!
  4. How I wish you’d go home!

 

4.) Utterance act

 

An utterance act is a speech act that consists of the verbal employment of units of expression                                 such as words and sentences.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spracované podľa stránky: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASpeechAct.htm