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Turks in Germany (turks_in_germany.doc)

Turks in Germany

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German Turks (also commonly Turkish Germans) are Germans of Turkish descent with varying identity as part of a wider German society and who maintain a connection to the Turkish sociology, through cultural and historical affiliation. It should however be noted that a large amount of Turkish citizens in Germany and Germans with background in Turkey belong to ethnic minority groups such as Kurds, Circassians, Laz and Roma, and thus not of ethnic Turkish descent. However, they can be seen to constitute part of the wider Turkish society.

With an estimated number of 2.2—2.6 million Turkish people in Germany (including those who have acquired German citizenship) form the largest ethnic minority. An estimated 415,000—750,000 of them have acquired German nationality. The vast majority are found in what used to be West Germany. Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne, Duisburg and Dortmund) and Munich have large Turkish communities. The bundesland with the largest Turkish population is North Rhine-Westphalia followed by Baden-Württemberg and Hessen. Though Turks predominantly live in cities, large populations exist in some urban regions of Germany, especially those based on industry.

[edit]History

Based on good Turkish-German relations from the 19th century onwards, Germany promoted Turkish immigration into the country. However, a large-scale migration of Turks to Germany did not occur until the second half of the 20th century. Germany suffered an acute labor shortage after World War II and, in 1961, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) officially invited Turkish workers to Germany to fill in this void, particularly to work in the factories that helped fuel Germany's economic miracle. The German authorities named these people Gastarbeiter (German for guest workers).

It is important to consider that none of the members of the two groups (Germans, Turkish workers) would have thought that they would stay longer than two years, as it was stated in the recruitment treaties. This partly explains why at that time no steps were taken, considering the integration of these people. It also explains why the foreign workers did not consider it necessary to approach the Germans. Reasons why so many Turkish people stayed were on the one hand that the money they earned was not enough for starting a new business in Turkey. On the other hand, the German economy did not want to lose skilled workers and employ new ones who would have to be trained.

In addition to that, the children of Turkish workers who were either brought to Germany in the course of family reunification or who were born in Germany started to go to school and parents did not want to interrupt their education.

However, there were also Turkish people who went back to Turkey during times when the German economy went down. For instance in 1966/67, those who lost their jobs went back to Turkey, but in many cases, they came back to Germany when the economic situation had improved. 1973 is a very important year, as Germany stopped the recruitment of foreign workers. During the recession of 1974/75 and 1981-1984, Turkish workers preferred to stay in Germany, due to fear of not to being allowed to come back to Germany. From 1974 on, Turkish workers made increasingly use of family unification as is their right according to the European Convention on Human Rights. Today only one quarter of the people of Turkish origin came to Germany as workers, while 53% immigrated as family members and 17% of the adult Turks were born in Germany.

Turks in Germany: Aspects of their socio-economic and socio-cultural integration

Nowadays there is high unemployment among the Turks (25.5%) because many of their jobs in industry were cut. But there is also a rising number of Turks that are self-employed. Problems that this group is facing can be family problems when it comes to tradition vs. modern western lifestyle, language problems for school children and the fact that education is on an average not as high. Unfortunately, many parents prefer their children to help them and do unskilled work rather than learn a profession or study. On the other hand, many parents want higher education for their children. If we consider that most Turkish families in Germany come from a working class background, the number of children who go to university is surprisingly high. Socially, the Turkish are well integrated into German society, participate politically and in the entertainment sector but also find many Turkish organizations, religious and non-religious ones, many of which meet their needs.

Most Turks in Germany trace their ancestry to Central and Eastern Anatolia. Today Turks are Germany's largest ethnic minority and form most of Germany's Muslim minority.

As far as political affiliation is concerned, Turkish Germans are overwhelmingly supportive of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. A survey following the 2005 Federal election revealed that close to 90% voted for Gerhard Schröder's SPD/Green alliance.

Currently about 7.3 million foreigners live in Germany. Among them Turkish citizens are by far the largest group with a population number of 1.9 million, or a relative share of 26%. Furthermore, by the end of 2002 about 565.000 Turkish migrants had acquired German citizenship (and therefore do not appear as Turks in official statistics). Although every Turk in Germany has a migration background through his or her family, not everyone actually immigrated. About 680.000 (36%) were born in Germany. Only since 2000, when the new citizenship law came into force, children of foreigners born in Germany become German Nationals by birth, as per the provisions of the amended citizenship law introduced by the governing SPD-Green coalition. According to the terms of the new law, citizenship is automatically granted to children born in Germany so long as their parents satisfy certain residency requirements. Dual citizenship is only tolerated until the child reaches adulthood, at which point he or she is must choose between his or her Turkish or German passport between the ages of 18 to 23.

Turkish migrants are not only the largest national group of foreigners in Germany, they are also considered to be the least socio-economically integrated. This paper explores the integration of Turkish migrants by presenting and analyzing several relevant indicators. I concentrate on two subjects. First, I examine the position of Turkish migrants on the labour market and their educational credentials – aspects of so called structural integration defined as “access to positions and statuses in the core institutions of the receiving society by the immigrants and their descendents”. Second, I consider levels of identificational integration, or measures relating to “feelings of belonging and identification, particularly in forms of ethnic and/or national identification”. In our case, this will include aspects like the individual’s willingness to stay in Germany permanently or to apply for German citizenship.

The level of integration is evaluated by comparing Turks with Germans. Additionally, differences within the Turkish population are taken into account by separately looking at the second generation (understood as those who were either born in Germany or immigrated before beginning their primary school education). The analysis covers, with a few exceptions, the period from 1997 to 2002.

The relation between Turks and Germans

As the biggest foreign population, Turkish and people of Turkish origin are strongly shaping the image of most German cities. Döner has become traditional German food. Turkish politicians are campaigning for German and Turkish voters. The Turkish present TV shows, they are in the movies and they win prizes for Germany. During the enthusiastic celebrations of the Football World Cup, Turks supported the German team together with the other Germans. But the public opinion also sees the dark sides. Integration problems, criminality amongst the youth, honor killings and fear of “foreign infiltration”. The ever ongoing debates are either mainly over assimilation versus a Turkish parallel society or a German “leading culture” versus multiculturalism, which reflect these two sides of the medal.

There is a feeling of strangeness that can be observed on both sides. Generally, this is due to differences in religion and culture, but also to a general unawareness of “the other”. This can result in the following basic reactions: Rejection of the strange and unfamiliar from the side of the Germans and a strong concentration on religion and tradition from the side of the Turkish. This can be seen as a vicious circle. Turkish people who feel rejected may react with defiance, in other words, they don’t feel accepted and therefore do not “want to be accepted”. As a reaction, Germans often feel that the Turkish don’t want to be integrated. This unfavourable behavior on both sides often results in misunderstandings.

In terms of the collective identity of Turkish immigrants in Germany, it can be said that while relations to Turkey are maintained, the centre of reference still remains Germany. Generally, they have a positive attitude towards German society but are socially referring to the group of Turkish immigrants. Most of the Turkish say that they have contact with Germans, mainly in their neighbourhoods or due to living in mixed families. Interestingly, prejudices on both sides are less where people live in areas that are strongly shaped by immigrants. However, Turkish people are experiencing discrimination, mainly when looking for a house or a job. Still, most say that this does not happen to them. Turkish people are also victims of September 11th because people often equate Islam with Islamist and Islamist with Terrorist. This can be seen as an unfortunate side effect of the events in the USA because it strongly affected the reputation not only of the Turks in Germany, but of all Muslims in Europe. This is strongly enforced by the media.

[edit]Famous German Turks

[edit]Members of the European Parliament

1. Ozan Ceyhun, former MEP (Green 1999-2000, SPD 2000-2004)
2. Leyla Onur, former SPD MEP (1989-1994), former member of the Bundestag (1994-2002)
3. Vural Öger, SPD MEP since 2004
4. Cem Özdemir, Green MEP since 2004, former member of the Bundestag
5. Feleknas Uca, PDS-Die Linke MEP since 1999

[edit] Members of the Federal Parliament

1. Lale Akgün, SPD member of the Bundestag
2. Hüseyin Kenan Aydın, Die Linke member of the Bundestag since 2005
3. Ekin Deligöz, Green member of the Bundestag since 1998
4. Sevim Dağdelen, Die Linke member of the Bundestag since 2005
5. Hakkı Keskin, Die Linke member of the Bundestag since 2005, former SPD member of the Hamburg Regional Parliament (1993-1997)

[edit] Members of a Regional Parliament

1. Evrim Baba, PDS member of the Berlin House of Representatives
2. Ikbal Berber, SPD member of the Saarland Landtag (1999-2004)
3. Nebahat Güçlü, Green member of the Hamburg Regional Parliament since 2004
4. Gülsen Iletmiş, SPD member of the Bremen Regional Parliament
5. Dilek Kolat, SPD member of the Berlin House of Representatives
6. Özcan Mutlu, Green member of the Berlin House of Representatives
7. Bilkay Öney, Green member of the Berlin House of Representatives since 2006
8. Aydan Özoguz, SPD member of the Hamburg Regional Parliament since 2001

[edit] Sport

1. Mehmet Scholl, footballer
2. İlhan Mansız, footballer
3. Umit Davala, footballer
4. Celaleddin Koçak, footballer
5. Nuri Şahin, footballer
6. Hamit Altintop, footballer
7. Mesut Özil, footballer
8. Mehmet Akgün, footballer
9. Oktay Urkal, boxer

[edit] Entertainment & Arts

1. Kool Savas, rapper
2. Erdoğan Atalay, actor (Alarm für Cobra 11)
3. Erol Sander, actor
4. Tarkan, singer
5. Muhammed Suiçmez, frontman of the metal band Necrophagist
6. Sibel Kekilli, actress
7. Fatih Akın, film director
8. Kaya Yanar, comedian
9. Thomas Arslan, film director
10. Lale Karci, actress
11. Idil Üner, actress
12. Nazan Eckes, tv personality / actress
13. Funda Vanroy, tv presenter (ProSieben)
14. Gulcan Karahanci, tv presenter (VIVA)

Turkish parade in Berlin

Berlin's Turkish cemetery alongside an Ottoman style mosque, built in 1863